Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 September 2018
This short article proposes a conceptual structure for “neurolaw,” modeled loosely on the bipartite division of the sister field of neuroethics by Adina Roskies into the “ethics of neuroscience” and the “neuroscience of ethics.” As normative fields addressing the implications of scientific discoveries and expanding technological capacities affecting the brain, “neurolaw” and neuroethics have followed parallel paths. Similar foundational questions arise for both about the validity and utility of recognizing them as distinct subfields of law and ethics, respectively. In both, a useful distinction can be drawn between a self-reflexive inquiry (the neuroscience of ethics and law) and an inquiry into the development and use of brain science and technologies (the ethics and law of neuroscience). In both fields, these two forms of inquiry interact in interesting ways. In addition to a proposed conceptual structure for neurolaw, the article also addresses the neurolegal versions of the critiques made against neuroethics, including charges of reductionism, fact/value confusion, and biological essentialism.
1. Roskies, A. Neuroethics for the new millennium. Neuron 2002;35(1):21–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Taylor, JS. Neurolaw and traumatic brain injury: Principles for trial lawyers. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review 2015;84:397–409.Google Scholar
3. Shen, FX. The overlooked history of neurolaw. Fordham Law Review 2016;85:667–95.Google Scholar
4. See note 3, Shen 2016.
5. Mittermaier, CJA (trans. from the German). On the application of phrenology to criminal legislation and prison discipline. Letter from Professor Mittermaier to Mr. Combe. Phrenological Journal January 2–6, 1843; available at https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/on-the-application-of-phrenology-to-criminal-legislation-and-prison-discipline (last accessed 15 Nov 2017).Google Scholar
6. Weiss, KJ. Phrenology and expert testimony. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 2007;35:339–45.Google ScholarPubMed
7. Pustilnik, A. Violence on the brain: A critique of neuroscience in criminal law. Wake Forest Law Review 2009;44:183–237.Google Scholar
8. Lilienfeld, SO, Aslinger, E, Marshall, J, Satel, S. Neurohype: A field guide to exaggerated brain-based claims. In: Johnson, LSM, Rommelfanger, K, eds Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics. New York: Routledge; 2017: 241–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Rose, N, Abi-Rached, JM. Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2013.Google Scholar
10. Goodenough, OR, Tucker, M. Law and cognitive neuroscience. Annual Review Law and Social Science 2010;6:61–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Jones, OD, Marois, R, Farah, MJ, Greely, HT. Law and neuroscience. Journal of Neuroscience 2013;33(45):17,624–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Jones, OD. Seven ways neuroscience aids law. In: Battro, A, Dehaene, S, Singer, W, eds. Neurosciences and the human person: new perspectives on human activities. Scripta Varia 121, Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2013; available at http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/sv121/sv121-jones.pdf (last accessed 15 Nov 2017).Google Scholar
13. Shen, FX. The law and neuroscience bibliography: Navigating the emerging field of neurolaw. International Journal of Legal Information 2010;38(3):352–99.Google Scholar
14. See note 11, Jones et al. 2013.
15. Easterbrook, FH. Cyberspace and the law of the horse. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1996;1996:207.Google Scholar
16. See note 15, Easterbrook 1996.
17. Lessig, L. The law of the horse: What cyberlaw might teach. Harvard Law Review 1999;113:501–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Aagaard, TS. Environmental law as a legal field: An inquiry in legal taxonomy. Cornell Law Review 2010;95(2):221–82.Google Scholar
19. See note 17, Lessig 1999.
20. See note 12, Jones 2013.
21. Merkel, R. Neurolaw: Introduction. In: Clausen, J, Levy, N, eds. Handbook of Neuroethics. Dordrecht: Springer; 2015:1269–78.Google Scholar
22. Meynen, G. Neurolaw: Neuroscience, ethics and law. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 2014;17:819–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Roskies, A, Morse, SJ. Neuroscience and the law. In: Morse, SJ, Roskies, A, eds. A Primer on Criminal Law and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013:240–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. See note 10, Goodenough, Tucker 2010.
25. See note 1, Roskies 2002.
26. See, for example, Johnson, LSM, Rommelfanger, K, eds. Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics. New York: Routledge; 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Racine, E. Pragmatic Neuroethics: Improving Treatment and Understanding the Mind-Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Buniak, L, Darragh, M, Giordano, J. A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: Part 1: Overview and reviews—defining and describing the field and its practices. Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 2014;16(9):9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. See also, Becker, K, Shook, JR, Darragh, M, Giordano, J. A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: Part 4 – Ethical issues in clinical and social applications of neuroscience. Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 2017;12:1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Choudhury, S, Nagel, SK, Slaby, J. Critical neuroscience: Linking neuroscience and society through critical practice. BioSocieties 2009;4:61–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Choudhury, S, Slaby, J, eds. Critical Neuroscience. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2012, at 3–4.Google Scholar
32. Pickersgill, M. Connecting neuroscience and law: Anticipatory discourse and the role of sociotechnical imaginaries. New Genetics and Society 2011;30(1):27–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. O’Connell, K. A plural thing: Inventing a feminist brain-based subject of law. Australian Feminist Law Journal 2012;37(1):15–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Karpin, I, O’Connell, K. Stigmatising the ‘normal’: The legal regulation of behavior as a disability. University of New South Wales Law Journal 2015;38(4):1461–83.Google Scholar
35. Rose, N. Screen and intervene: Governing risky brains. History of the Human Sciences 2010;23(1):79–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Aharoni, E, Vincent, GM, Harenski, CL, Calhoun, VD, Sinnott-Armstrong, W, Gazzaniga, MS, et al. Neuroprediction of future rearrest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013;110(15):6223–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37. Shen, FX. Law and neuroscience 2.0. Arizona State Law Journal 2016;48:1043.Google Scholar
38. See note 27, Racine 2010, at chapter 4 for a review of criticisms of neuroethics.
39. Opderbeck, DW. The problem with neurolaw. Saint Louis University Law Journal 2014;58:497–539.Google Scholar
40. Goldberg, DS. Against reductionism in law & neuroscience. Houston Journal of Law & Policy 2012;11:321–46.Google Scholar
41. See, for example, Racine, E, Sample, M. Two problematic foundations of neuroethics and pragmatist reconstruction. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2018;27(4):566–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. See, for example, the discussion of genetic essentialism in Cheung, BY, Heine, SJ. The double-edged sword of genetic accounts of criminality: Causal attributions from genetic ascriptions affect legal decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2015;41(12):1723–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43. Morse, SJ. Avoiding irrational neurolaw exuberance: A plea for neuromodesty. Mercer Law Review 2011;62:837–59.Google Scholar
44. Wolf, SM. Neurolaw: the big question. American Journal of Bioethics 2008;8(1):21–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45. See note 43, Morse 2011.
46. Hoffman, MB. Evolutionary jurisprudence: The end of the naturalistic fallacy and the beginning of natural reform? In: Freeman, M, ed. Law and Neuroscience: Current Legal Issues, Vol. 13, Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011:483–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47. See note 39, Opderbeck 2014.
48. See note 44, Wolf 2008.
49. See note 27, Racine 2010.
50. Chandler, JA. Autonomy and the unintended consequences of emerging neurotherapies. Neuroethics 2013;6(2):249–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51. See the discussion of health law in Greely, H. Some thoughts on academic health law. Wake Forest Law Review 2006;41:391–409.Google Scholar
52. See note 44, Wolf 2008.