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Biology of Pissodes yunnanensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of Yunnan pine in southwestern China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Hongrui Zhang ,
Hui Ye ,
Robert A. Haack  and
David W. Langor
Hongrui Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
Hui Ye
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
Robert A. Haack
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1407 South Harrison Road, Room 220, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States of America
David W. Langor*
Affiliation:
Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: dlangor@nrcan.gc.ca).
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Abstract

Pissodes yunnanensis Langor et Zhang, a pest of Yunnan pine, Pinus yunnanensis Franchet, in southwestern China, occurs at elevations of 2200–2800 m. These weevils infest Yunnan pine trees less than 20 years old but prefer trees 8–10 years old. Oviposition occurs mainly along the upper trunk on current-year and 1-year-old growth and occasionally on the upper lateral branches. Weevil feeding often kills the leader, which results in stem forking and crooking. At times, after 2–3 years of consecutive severe infestation, tree mortality occurs. In southwestern Yunnan Province, adults of this univoltine weevil emerge from infested stems from mid-April to mid-July. Eggs appear in late June, first-instar larvae in early July, and fourth-instar larvae in late March of the next year. First- and second-instar larvae feed in the phloem, and third-instar larvae move to the sapwood or pith, where they overwinter. In March, larvae resume feeding and development. Fourth-instar larvae excavate pupal chambers (chip cocoons) in the outer sapwood or pith, and pupation occurs from late March to late May. Optimal development of eggs and pupae occurs at 25 °C in the laboratory. Parasitism is the main cause of mortality in P. yunnanensis, accounting for 2%–25% of mortality among third- and fourth-instar larvae and 5%–10% among pupae.

Résumé

Pissodes yunnanensis Langor et Zhang, un ravageur du pin du Yunnan, Pinus yunnanensis Franchet, vit aux altitudes de 2200 à 2800 m dans le sud-ouest de la Chine. Les charançons infestent les pins du Yunnan âgés de moins de 20 ans et préfèrent les arbres de 8 à 10 ans. Ils pondent surtout le long du tronc supérieur sur les pousses de l'année ou de l'année précédente et, à l'occasion, sur les branches latérales supérieures. L'alimentation des charançons entraîne souvent la mort du bout de la tige, ce qui cause des divisions de la tige et des torsions. Quelquefois, des infestations sévères consécutives de 2 à 3 ans peuvent causer la mort de l'arbre. Dans le sud-ouest de la province du Yunnan, les adultes de ce charançon univoltin émergent de tiges infestées de la mi-avril à la mi-juillet. Les oeufs sont pondus à partir de la fin de juin, les larves de premier stade apparaissent au début de juillet et les larves de quatrième stade à la fin de mars de l'année suivante. Les larves de premier et de second stades se nourrissent du phloème, les larves de troisième stade envahissent l'aubier et le coeur où elles passent l'hiver. En mars, les larves se remettent à manger et à croître. Les larves de quatrième stade se creusent des chambres de nymphose (cocons de copeaux) dans l'aubier externe et le coeur et la nymphose se produit de la fin de mars à la fin de mai. En laboratoire, le développement optimal des oeufs et des nymphes se fait à 25 °C. Le parasitisme est la cause principale de mortalité chez P. yunnanensis, soit 2 % à 25 % de la mortalité chez les larves de troisième et de quatrième stades et 5 % à 10 % chez les nymphes.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 136 , Issue 5 , October 2004 , pp. 719 - 726
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2004

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