Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T04:02:36.283Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

BIOSYSTEMATICS OF NORTH AMERICAN IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): HOPPING’S GROUP IX

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

G. N. Lanier
G. N. Lanier
Affiliation:
Forest Research Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Controlled mating experiments demonstrating total reproductive isolation, together with consistent differences in morphological and cytological detail, confirmed the validity of the closely related group IX Ips: grandicollis, cribricollis, lecontei, montanus, confusus, paraconfusus, and hoppingi. The latter two species, new to science, were formerly considered to be confusus.Matings between grandicollis from eastern Canada and North Carolina were subnormally fertile; other intraspecific matings between individuals of the same population or distant populations produced fully fertile progeny. Interspecific pairings usually resulted in insemination and normal-appearing egg galleries, but, with one exception, none of the eggs hatched.One montanus and two confusus, each mated by males of the same species, produced all-daughter broods. This "sex-ratio" condition appeared to be the result of a matrilineally transferred cytoplasmic factor lethal to male embryos only.At first meiotic metaphase all species had the karyotypic formula 15 AA + Xyp, and only grandicollis was easily differentiated by bivalent configuration or size sequence. Most other species showed diagnostic differences at meiotic prophase or second meiotic metaphase. Pairing disruptions and anaphase bridges occurred in grandicollis interpopulational hybrids; meiosis was normal in progeny from interpopulational pairings of confusus, paraconfusus, and montanus.In grandicollis the median struts of the male genitalia were 1.5 times longer than the median lobe. The struts/lobe ratios for other species approximated 1.00 but differences for most comparisons between species were statistically significant. The shape of the pars stridens on females was different for most species and mean widths of striations thereon ranged from 0.517 μ for paraconfusus to 0.876 μ for lecontei. This character provided absolute discrimination of females of confusus from those of paraconfusus and hoppingi but the latter two species were most easily separated by differences in the density of punctures in the elytral declivity.It is hypothesized that contiguous allopatry and differences in host and ecological specialization, evidenced in species of group IX, is maintained by their high propensity for interspecific mating which fails completely to produce progeny.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 102 , Issue 9 , September 1970 , pp. 1139 - 1163
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1970

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barr, B. A. 1969. Sound production in Scolytidae (Coleoptera) with emphasis on the genus Ips. Can. Ent. 101: 636–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedard, W. D. Jr., 1966. A ground phloem medium for rearing immature bark beetles (Scolytidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 59: 931–938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedard, W. D., and Browne, L. E.. 1969. A delivery-trapping system for evaluating insect chemical attractants in nature. J. econ. Ent. 62: 1202–1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berryman, A. A., and Stark, R. W.. 1961. Studies on the effect of temperature on the development of Ips confusus (Leconte) using radiographic techniques. Bull. ecol. Soc. Am. 42: 61.Google Scholar
Bhakthan, M. M. G., Nair, K. K., and Borden, J. H.. 1969. Occurrence of a fat body layer around the testes of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 62: 1495–1496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhakthan, N. M. G., Borden, J. H., and Nair, K. K.. 1970. Fine structure of degenerating and regenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips confusus. I: Degeneration. J. Cell Sci. 6: 807–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borden, J. H. 1967. Factors influencing the response of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to male attractant. Can. Ent. 99: 1164–1193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borden, J. H. 1968. Antennal morphology of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61: 10–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borden, J. H., Nair, K. K., and Slater, C. E.. 1969. Synthetic juvenile hormone: induction of sex pheromone production in Ips confusus. Science 166: 1626–1627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borden, J. H., and Slater, C. E.. 1968. Induction of flight muscle degeneration by synthetic juvenile hormone in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 61: 366–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borden, J. H., and Slater, C. E.. 1969. Flight muscle volume change in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. J. Zool. 47: 29–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borden, J. H., and Wood, D. L.. 1966. The antennal receptors and olfactory response of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to male sex attractant in the laboratory. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 59: 253–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, E. A., and Borden, J. H.. 1967. Emergence patterns of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from ponderosa pine. Can. Ent. 99: 236–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlin, W. J. 1917. An annotated list of the scolytid beetles of Oregon. Can. Ent. 49: 321–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlin, W. J. 1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America. Ore. State Coll. Coop. Assoc., Corvallis.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, W. J. 1958. The Scolytoidea of the Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, British Columbia. Ore. St. Monog. Stud. Ent., No. 2.Google Scholar
Chansler, J. F. 1964. Overwintering habits of Ips lecontei Sw. and Ips confusus (Lec.) in Arizona and New Mexico. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note RM27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chansler, J. F. 1966. Cold hardiness of two species of Ips beetles. J. For. 64: 622–624.Google Scholar
Craighead, F. C. 1930. An annotated list of the important North American forest insects. Misc. Publs U.S. Dep. Agric., No. 74.Google Scholar
Critchfield, W. B., and Little, E. L. Jr. 1966. Geographic distributions of the pines of the world. Misc. Publs U.S. Dep. Agric., No. 991.Google Scholar
Doane, R. W., et al. 1936. Forest insects. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., London.Google Scholar
Eichhoff, W. 1868. Neue Amerikanische Borkenkafer — Gattung und Arten. Ber. ent. Z. 12: 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gara, R. I. 1963. Studies on the flight behavior of Ips confusus (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in response to attractive material. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 22: 51–66.Google Scholar
Gara, R. I., and Vité, J. P.. 1962. Studies on the flight patterns of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in second growth ponderosa pine forests. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 21: 275–289.Google Scholar
Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomology. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., Toronto, London.Google Scholar
Hall, R. C. 1958. Environmental factors associated with outbreaks by the western pine beetle and the California five-spined engraver in California. Proc. 10th int. Congr. Ent., Vol. 4, p. 341.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. D. 1905. Notes on some Mexican Scolytidae with descriptions of some new species. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 7: 71–79.Google Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 a. Generic characters in the tribe Ipini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with a new species, a new combination and new synonymy. Can. Ent. 95: 61–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 b. The natural groups of species in the genus Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Can. Ent. 95: 508–516.Google Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 c. The North American species in group I of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 159–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1963 d. The North American species in groups II and III of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 95: 1202–1210.Google Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1964. The North American species in groups IV and V of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 96: 970–978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 a. The North American species in group VIII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 159–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 b. The North American species in group VII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 193–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 c. North American species in group IX of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 422–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 d. The North American species of group VI of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 533–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopping, G. R. 1965 e. The North American species in group X of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 97: 803–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, B., and Lewis, K. R.. 1960. Nucleolar controlled segregation of sex chromosomes in beetles. Heredity 15: 431–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keen, F. P. 1933. A note on the hibernation habits of some engraver beetles of the genus Ips. J. econ. Ent. 26: 297–298.Google Scholar
Keen, F. P. 1953. Insect enemies of western forests. Misc. Publs U.S. Dep. Agric., No. 273. 2nd ed.Google Scholar
Kinn, D. N. 1967 a. A new species of Cercomegistus (Acari: Mesostigmata) from California. Acarologia 9: 488–496.Google Scholar
Kinn, D. N. 1967 b. Notes on the life cycle and habits of Digamasellus quadrisetus (Megostigmata: Digamasellidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 60: 862–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinn, D. N. 1968. A new species of Pleuronectocelaeno (Acarina: Celaenopsidae) associated with bark beetles in North and Central America. Acarologia 10: 191–205.Google Scholar
Lanier, G. N. 1966. Interspecific mating and cytological studies of closely related species of Ips De Geer and Orthotomicus Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 98: 175–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanier, G. N., and Cameron, A. E.. 1969. Secondary sex characters in the North American species of the genus Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 101: 862–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanier, G. N., and Oliver, J. H.. 1966. “Sex-ratio” condition: Unusual mechanisms in bark beetles. Science 153: 208–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leconte, J. L. 1876. Family IX. Scolytidae. In: Leconte, J. L. and Horn, G. H., The Rhynchophora of America north of Mexico. Proc. Am. philos. Soc. 15: 341–391.Google Scholar
Lindquist, E. E. 1969. Review of holartic tarsenemid mites (Acarina: Prostigmata) parasitizing eggs of Ipine bark beetles. Mem. ent. Soc. Can., No. 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, E. E., and Bedard, W. D.. 1961. Biology and taxonomy of mites of the genus Tarsonemoides (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) parasitizing eggs of bark beetles of the genus Ips. Can. Ent. 93: 982–999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Little, E. L. 1943. Common insects on pinyon (Pinus edulis). Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 51: 239–252.Google Scholar
Lyon, R. L. 1955. A secondary sex character on the male of the California five-spined engraver, Ips confusus (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 87: 482–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, R. L. 1959. Toxicity of several residual-type insecticides to selected western bark beetles. J. econ. Ent. 52: 323–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, R. L., and Shea, P. J.. 1967. Chemosterilants to control bark beetles … tepa shows promise in preliminary test. U.S. For. Ser. Res. Note 139.Google Scholar
Massey, C. L. 1957. Four new species of Aphelenchulus (Nematoda) parasitic in bark beetles in the United States. Proc. helminth. Soc. Wash. 24: 29–34.Google Scholar
Massey, C. L. 1960. Nematode parasites and associates of the California five-spined engraver, Ips confusus (Lec.). Proc. helminth. Soc. Wash. 27: 14–22.Google Scholar
Massey, C. L. 1962. Life history of Aphelenchulus elongatus Massey (Nematoda) an endoparasite of Ips confusus LeConte, with a description of the male. J. Insect Pathol. 4: 95–103.Google Scholar
Mirov, N. T. 1967. The genus Pinus. Ronald Press, New York.Google Scholar
Moore, A. D. 1957. The relative toxicity of DDT, toxaphane, lindane and isodrin to Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec. and Ips confusus (Lec.). J. econ. Ent. 50: 548–550.Google Scholar
Morgan, F. D. 1967. Ips grandicollis in South Australia. Aust. Forestry 31: 137–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nickle, W. R. 1963 a. Notes on the genus Contortylenchus Ruhm, 1956 with observations on the biology and life history of C. elongatus (Massey, 1960) n. comb., a parasite of a bark beetle. Proc. helminth. Soc. Wash. 30: 218–223.Google Scholar
Nickle, W. R. 1963 b. Bovienema (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a new genus parasitizing bark beetles of the genus Pityogenes Bedel, with notes on other endoparasitic nematodes of scolytids. Proc. helminth. Soc. Wash. 30: 256–262.Google Scholar
Nickle, W. R. 1963 c. Observations on the effect of Nematodes on Ips confusus (LeConte) and other bark beetles. J. Insect. Pathol. 5: 386–389.Google Scholar
Pitman, G. B. 1965. Certain factors affecting colonization of ponderosa pine by Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Diss. Abstr. 26: 598.Google Scholar
Pitman, G. B. 1966. Studies on the pheromone of Ips confusus (LeConte) III. The influence of host material on pheromone production. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 23: 147–158.Google Scholar
Pitman, G. B., Kliefoth, R. A., and Vité, J. P.. 1965. Studies on the pheromone of Ips confusus (LeConte). II: Further observations on the site of production. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 23: 13–17.Google Scholar
Pitman, G. B., Renwick, J. A. A., and Vité, J. P.. 1966. Variation in olfactory behavior of Ips confusus (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) between laboratory and field bioassays. Naturwissenschaften 53: 46–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renwick, J. A. A., Pitman, G. B., and Vité, J. P.. 1966. Detection of a volatile compound in hindguts of male Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Naturwissenschaften 53: 83–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, R. E. 1969. Response of some predators and parasites of Ips confusus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to olfactory attractants. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 24: 189–194.Google Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1955. Die Kiefern-Borkenkafer Guatemalas. Z. angew. Ent. 38: 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedl, K. E. 1960. Synonymies of bark beetles (Scolytidae) IV. Coleopts Bull. 14: 5–12.Google Scholar
Schwerdtfeger, F. 1956. Scolytidae (Col.) on Pinus-Arten in Mittelamerika. I. Das Genus Ips De Geer. Z. angew. Ent. 39: 34–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, R. M., Rodin, J. O., and Wood, D. L.. 1966. Sex attractants in frass produced by male Ips confusus in ponderosa pine. Science 154: 509–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, R. M., et al. 1966. Identification of two new terpene alcohols from frass produced by Ips confusus in ponderosa pine. Tetrahedron 22: 1929–1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struble, G. R. 1955. California five-spined engraver beetle. U.S. Dep. Agric. Forest Pest Leafl., No. 4.Google Scholar
Struble, G. R. 1966. California five-spined Ips. U.S. Dep. Agric. Forest Pest Leafl., No. 102.Google Scholar
Struble, G. R., and Hall, R. C.. 1955. The California five-spined engraver. Its biology and control. U.S. Dep. Agric. Circ., No. 964. 21 pp.Google Scholar
Swaine, J. M. 1909. Catalogue of the described Scolytidae of America, north of Mexico. Appendix B in 24th report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York. N.Y. St. Mus. Bull. 134: 76–159.Google Scholar
Swaine, J. M. 1918. Canadian bark beetles. II: A preliminary classification, with an account of the habits and means of control. Tech. Bull. Can. Dep. Agric., No. 14.Google Scholar
Swaine, J. M. 1924. The allies of Ips confusus LeC. in western America. Family Ipidae, Coleoptera. Can. Ent. 56: 69–72.Google Scholar
Swartz, E. A. 1886. Remarks on North American Scolytids. Entomologica 2: 40–42, 54–56.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. B. 1966. Some Scolytidae from the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. Can. Ent. 98: 871–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. B. 1967. A comparative study of gastric caeca in adult and larval stages of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 97: 71–90.Google Scholar
Vité, J. P. 1965. Die Wirkung pflanzen-und isekteneigener Lockstoffe auf Pityophthorus und Pityogenes (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Naturwissenschaften 52: 267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vité, J. P., and Gara, R. I.. 1962. Volatile attractants from ponderosa pine attacked by bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 21: 251–273.Google Scholar
Vité, J. P., and Pitman, G. B.. 1968. Bark beetle aggregation: effects of feeding on the release of pheromones in Dendroctonus and Ips. Nature 218: 169–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vité, J. P., Gara, R. I., and Kliefoth, R. A.. 1963. Collection and bioassay of a volatile fraction attractive to Ips confusus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 22: 39–50.Google Scholar
Vité, J. P., Gara, R. I., and von Scheller, H. D.. 1964. Field observations on the response to attractants of bark beetles infesting southern pines. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 22: 461–470.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C. 1964. Attraction and development of Ips bark beetle populations in artificially infested pine bolts exposed on fire-tower and turntables in Florida. Fla Ent. 47: 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, R. C., et al. 1967. Stridulation and behavior in two southeastern Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Fla Ent. 50: 185–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1961. Stridulation in the genus Ips De Geer. Pan-Pacif. Ent. 37: 187–188.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1962 a. Experiments on the interrelationship between oleoresin exudation pressure in Pinus ponderosa and attack by Ips confusus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 94: 473–477.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1962 b. The attraction created by males of a bark beetle Ips confusus (LeConte) attacking ponderosa pine. Pan-Pacif. Ent. 38: 141–146.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L. 1963. Studies on host selection by Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with special reference to Hopkins' host selection principle. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 27: 241–282.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L., and Bushing, R. W.. 1963. The olfactory response of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to the secondary attraction in the laboratory. Can. Ent. 95: 1066–1078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. L., and Stark, R. W.. 1966. The effects of gamma radiation on the biology and behavior of adult Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 98: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. L., and Stark, R. W.. 1968. The life history of Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with notes on its biology in California. Can. Ent. 100: 145–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. L., and Vité, J. P.. 1961. Studies on the host selection behavior of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Pinus ponderosa. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 21: 79–95.Google Scholar
Wood, D. L., et al. 1966. Sex pheromones of bark beetles. I: Mass production, bio-assay, source, and isolation of the sex pheromone of Ips confusus (LeC.). J. Insect Physiol. 12: 523–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, D. L., et al. 1967. Unique synergistic effects produced by the principal sex attractant compounds of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolyndae). Nature 215: 206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, D. L., et al. 1968. Response of Ips confusus to synthetic sex pheromones in nature. Science 159: 1373–1374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, S. L. 1957. Distributional notes on and synonymies of some North American Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Can. Ent. 89: 396–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar