Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-v2bm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-11T06:58:09.793Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diversity and abundance of arthropod by-catch in semiochemical-baited traps targeting apple clearwing moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in organic and conventional apple orchards in British Columbia, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2014

V. Marius Aurelian ,
Maya L. Evenden  and
Gary J.R. Judd
V. Marius Aurelian
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
Maya L. Evenden
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
Gary J.R. Judd*
Affiliation:
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Box 5000, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: Gary.Judd@agr.gc.ca).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Apple clearwing moth (ACM), Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is an invasive species and destructive pest of commercial apple trees in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Mass trapping with Concord grape juice and sex pheromone is being developed as an organic pest management tactic. We quantified the diversity and abundance of arthropod by-catch in these traps during the 2009 flight (13 June–31 July) of ACM. Paired traps were deployed in organic and conventionally managed apple orchards planted using different tree densities representing the extremes of the current BC apple industry. Using seasonal by-catch and community-level statistical analyses we determined that family communities of arthropods caught in juice-baited and pheromone-baited traps differed significantly. Yellow juice-baited traps caught a greater variety of arthropod families in greater abundance than pheromone-baited yellow Unitraps®. We show that for each trap type, family communities caught in organic versus conventional orchards were significantly different. Organic orchard management affected abundance of some beneficial taxa, but the sign of the difference depended on the taxon examined (e.g., ladybeetles increased versus lacewings declined). Tree density had no effect on by-catch. Managing ACM by mass trapping may be detrimental to ecosystem services because many nontarget beneficial species are caught. A balanced risk-to-benefit approach should be taken before this technology is widely implemented against ACM.

Type
Insect Management
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 147 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 227 - 243
Copyright
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2014, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Subject editor: Staffan Lindgren

References

Abrahamczyk, S., Steudel, B., and Kessler, M. 2010. Sampling Hymenoptera along a precipitation gradient in tropical forests: the effectiveness of different coloured pan traps. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 137: 262–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alm, S.R., Hall, F.R., Ladd, T.L., and Williams, R.N. 1985. A chemical attractant for Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 78: 839–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almatni, W. and Khalil, N. 2008. A primary survey of aphid species on almond and peach, and natural enemies of Brachycaudus amygdalinus in As-Sweida, southern Syria. In Ecofruit – proceedings to the 13th international conference on cultivation technique and phytopathological problems in organic fruit-growing. Edited by M. Boos. Fördergemeinschaft Ökologischer Obstbau (FÖKO), Weinsberg, Germany. Pp. 109–115.Google Scholar
Altieri, M.A. and Schmidt, L.L. 1986. The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned, organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 16: 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aurelian, V.M. 2011. Semiochemical-based mass trapping of the apple clearwing moth (Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen)) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Master of Science thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/10402/era.27501 [accessed 4 September 2013].Google Scholar
Aurelian, V.M., Evenden, M.L., and Judd, G.J.R. 2012. Small-plot studies comparing pheromone and juice baits for mass-trapping invasive Synanthedon myopaeformis in Canada. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 145: 102–114.Google Scholar
Beirne, B.P. 1961. The cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) and treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae) of Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Scientific Information Section, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Pp. 1–54.Google Scholar
Belfrage, K., Björklund, J., and Salomonsson, L. 2005. The effects of farm size and organic farming on diversity of birds, pollinators, and plants in a Swedish landscape. Ambio, 34: 582–588.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, J., Ahnström, J., and Weibull, A.C. 2005. The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42: 261–269.Google Scholar
Benton, T.G., Bryant, D.M., Cole, L., and Crick, H.Q.P. 2002. Linking agricultural practice to insect and bird populations: a historical study over three decades. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39: 673–687.Google Scholar
Biddinger, D.J., Weber, D.C., and Hull, L.A. 2009. Coccinellidae as predators of mites: Stethorini in biological control. Biological Control, 51: 268–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biddinger, H.J. and Hull, L.A. 1995. Effects of several types of insecticides on the mite predator, Stethorus punctum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), including insect growth regulators and abamectin. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88: 358–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boatman, N.D., Brickle, N.W., Hart, J.D., Milsom, T.P., Morris, A.J., Murray, A.W.A., et al. 2004. Evidence for the indirect effects of pesticides on farmland birds. Ibis, 146: 131–143.Google Scholar
Bouvier, J.C., Ricci, B., Agerberg, J., and Lavigne, C. 2011. Apple orchard pest control strategies affect bird communities in Southeastern France. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30: 212–219.Google Scholar
Bozsik, A. 2009. Response of various lacewing species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to some pyrethroid insecticides. Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula: Protecţia Mediului, 14: 55–59.Google Scholar
Canard, M. 2001. Natural food and feeding habits of lacewings. In Lacewings in the crop environment. Edited by P.K. McEwen, T.R. New, and A.E. Whittington. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Pp. 116–128.Google Scholar
Cannings, R.A. and Scudder, G.G.E. 2007. Snakeflies of British Columbia (order Raphidioptera) [online]. In E-Fauna BC: electronic atlas of the fauna of British Columbia. Edited by B. Klinkenberg. Available from http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna [accessed 20 December 2013].Google Scholar
Carroll, D.P. and Hoyt, S.C. 1984. Natural enemies and their effects on apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer (Homoptera: Aphididae), colonies on young apple trees in Central Washington. Environmental Entomology, 13: 469–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clare, G., Suckling, D.M., Bradley, S.J., Walker, J.T.S., Shaw, P.W., Daly, J.M., et al. 2000. Pheromone trap colour determines catch of non-target insects. New Zealand Plant Protection, 53: 216–220.Google Scholar
Cossentine, J., Aurelian, V.M., and Judd, G.J.R. 2013. Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen), apple clearwing moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). In Biological control programmes in Canada 2001–2012. Edited by P. Mason and D.R. Gillespie. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Pp. 285–291.Google Scholar
DeWitt, J.B. 1956. Pesticide toxicity, chronic toxicity to quail and pheasants of some chlorinated insecticides. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 4: 863–866.Google Scholar
Donald, P.F., Sanderson, F.J., Burfield, I.J., and van Bommel, F.P.J. 2006. Further evidence of continent-wide impacts of agricultural intensification on European farmland birds, 1990–2000. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 116: 189–196.Google Scholar
Dowd, P.F. 2005. Suitability of commercially available insect traps and pheromones for monitoring dusky sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and related insects in Bt sweet corn. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 856–861.Google Scholar
Duelli, P., Studer, M., Marchand, I., and Jakob, S. 1990. Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas. Biological Conservation, 54: 193–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Sayed, A.M., Heppelthwaite, V.J., Manning, L.M., Gibb, A.R., and Suckling, D.M. 2005. Volatile constituents of fermented sugar baits and their attraction to lepidopteran species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 953–958.Google Scholar
El-Sayed, A.M., Suckling, D.M., Wearing, C.H., and Byers, J.A. 2006. Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 1550–1564.Google Scholar
Epstein, D.L., Zack, R.S., Brunner, J.F., Gut, L., and Brown, J.J. 2000. Effects of broad-spectrum insecticides on epigeal arthropod biodiversity in Pacific Northwest apple orchards. Environmental Entomology, 29: 340–348.Google Scholar
Forsyth, D.J. and Martin, P.A. 1993. Effects of fenitrothion on survival, behaviour, and brain cholinesterase activity of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 12: 91–103.Google Scholar
Fry, D.M. 1995. Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103: 165–171.Google Scholar
Fuentes-Montemayor, E., Goulson, D., and Park, K.J. 2011. The effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for the conservation of farmland moths: assessing the importance of a landscape-scale management approach. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48: 532–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, D., Roschewitz, I., Tscharntke, T., and Thies, C. 2006. Beta diversity at different spatial scales: plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. Ecological Applications, 16: 2011–2021.Google Scholar
Geiger, F., Bengtsson, J., Berendse, F., Weisser, W.W., Emmerson, M., Morales, M.B., et al. 2010. Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland. Basic and Applied Ecology, 11: 97–105.Google Scholar
Guppy, C.S., Shepard, J.H., and Kondla, N.G. 1994. Butterflies and skippers of conservation concern in British Columbia. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 108: 31–40.Google Scholar
Herman, T.J.B., Cameron, P.J., and Walker, G.P. 1994. Effect of pheromone trap position and colour on tomato fruitworm moths and bumblebees. In Proceedings of the forty seventh New Zealand plant protection conference. Edited by A.J. Popay. New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Rotura, New Zealand. Pp. 154–158.Google Scholar
Hoback, W.W., Svatos, T.M., Spomer, S.M., and Higley, L.G. 1999. Trap color and placement affects estimates of insect family-level abundance and diversity in a Nebraska salt marsh. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91: 393–402.Google Scholar
Hole, D.G., Perkins, A.J., Wilson, J.D., Alexander, I.H., Grice, P.V., and Evans, A.D. 2005. Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biological Conservation, 122: 113–130.Google Scholar
Horton, D.R., Broers, D.A., Hinojosa, T., Lewis, T.M., Miliczky, E.R., and Lewis, T.M. 2002. Diversity and phenology of predatory arthropods overwintering in cardboard bands placed in pear and apple orchards of Central Washington State. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95: 469–480.Google Scholar
Horton, D.R., Miliczky, E.R., Jones, V.P., Baker, C.C., and Unruh, T.R. 2012. Diversity and phenology of the generalist predator community in apple orchards of Central Washington State (Insecta, Araneae). The Canadian Entomologist, 144: 691–710.Google Scholar
Ismailov, V.Y., Niyazov, O.D., Sugonyaev, E.S., Yakovuk, V.A., and Gabro, P.I. 2004. Biological treatment proved more effective than the chemical one. Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii, 6: 33.Google Scholar
James, D.G. 2003. Pesticide susceptibility of two coccinellids (Stethorus punctum picipes and Harmonia axyridis) important in biological control of mites and aphids in Washington hops. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 13: 253–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, V.P., Steffan, S.A., Wiman, N.G., Horton, D.R., Miliczky, E., Zhang, Q.-H., et al. 2011. Evaluation of herbivore-induced plant volatiles for monitoring green lacewings in Washington apple orchards. Biological Control, 56: 98–105.Google Scholar
Judd, G.J.R. and Eby, C. 2014. Spectral discrimination by Synanthedon myopaeformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) when orienting to traps baited with sex pheromone or feeding attractants. The Canadian Entomologist, 146: 8–25.Google Scholar
Judd, G.J.R., Gries, R., Aurelian, V.M., and Gries, G. 2011. 3Z,13Z-octadecadienyl acetate: sex pheromone of the apple clearwing moth in British Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist, 143: 236–244.Google Scholar
Landolt, P.J. 2005. Trapping the meal moth, Pyralis farinalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 78: 293–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landolt, P.J., Suckling, D.M., and Judd, G.J.R. 2007. Positive interaction of a feeding attractant and a host kairomone for trapping the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33: 2236–2244.Google Scholar
Laubertie, E.A., Wratten, S.D., and Sedcole, J.R. 2006. The role of odour and visual cues in the pan-trap catching of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Annals of Applied Biology, 148: 173–178.Google Scholar
Leblanc, L., Rubinoff, D., and Vargas, R.I. 2009. Attraction of nontarget species to fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) male lures and decaying fruit flies in traps in Hawaii. Environmental Entomology, 38: 1446–1461.Google Scholar
Levinson, H.Z. and Buchelos, C.T. 1981. Surveillance of storage moth species (Pyralidae, Gelechiidae) in a flour mill by adhesive traps with notes on the pheromone-mediated flight behaviour of male moths. Journal of Applied Entomology, 92: 233–251.Google Scholar
Lin, H. and Phelan, P.L. 1991. Identification of food volatiles attractive to Glischrochilus quadrisignatus and Glischrochilus fasciatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17: 2469–2480.Google Scholar
Loye, J.E. 1982. The bionomics of Telamona monticola (Homoptera: Membracidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 55: 598–604.Google Scholar
Luckmann, A. 1963. Observations on the biology and control of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56: 681–686.Google Scholar
Lunau, K. 1990. Colour saturation triggers innate reactions to flower signals: flower dummy experiments with bumblebees. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 166: 827–834.Google Scholar
Madrid, F.J. and Sinha, R.N. 1982. Feeding damage of three stored-product moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology, 75: 1017–1020.Google Scholar
Mandour, N.S. 2009. Influence of spinosad on immature and adult stages of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). BioControl, 54: 93–102.Google Scholar
Maroufpoor, M., Safaralizadeh, M.H., Pourmirza, A.A., Allahvaisy, S., and Ghasemzadeh, S. 2010. Lethal effects of spinosad on Chrysoperla carnea larvae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Plant Protection, 50: 179–183.Google Scholar
Massa, M.J., Robacker, D.C., and Patt, J. 2008. Identification of grape juice aroma volatiles and attractiveness to the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist, 91: 266–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBrien, H.L., Judd, G.J.R., Borden, J.H., and Smith, R.F. 1994. Development of sex pheromone-baited traps for monitoring Campylomma verbasci (Heteroptera: Miridae). Environmental Entomology, 23: 442–446.Google Scholar
McCune, B., Grace, J.B., and Urban, D.L. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, United States of America.Google Scholar
McCune, B. and Mefford, M.J. 2011. PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of ecological data. Version 5.10. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, United States of America.Google Scholar
McMullen, R.D. and Jong, C. 1970. The biology and influence of pesticides on Campylomma verbasci (Heteroptera: Miridae). The Canadian Entomologist, 102: 1390–1394.Google Scholar
Meagher, R.L. 2001. Collection of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adults and nontarget Hymenoptera in different colored Unitraps. Florida Entomologist, 84: 77–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meagher, R.L. and Mitchell, E.R. 1999. Nontarget Hymenoptera collected in pheromone- and synthetic floral volatile-baited traps. Environmental Entomology, 28: 367–371.Google Scholar
Medina, P., Budia, F., del Estal, P., and Viñuela, E. 2003. Effects of three modern insecticides, pyriproxyfen, spinosad and tebufenozide, on survival and reproduction of Chrysoperla carnea adults. Annals of Applied Biology, 142: 55–61.Google Scholar
Miliczky, E.R. and Horton, D.R. 2005. Densities of beneficial arthropods within pear and apple orchards affected by distance from adjacent native habitat and association of natural enemies with extra-orchard host plants. Biological Control, 33: 249–259.Google Scholar
Mullin, C.A. 1985. Detoxification enzyme relationships in arthropods of differing feeding strategies. In Bioregulators for pest control. American Chemical Ecology Symposium Series, 276: 267–278.Google Scholar
Nadel, H., Johnson, M.W., Gerik, M., and Daane, K.M. 2007. Ingestion of spinosad bait GF-120 and resulting impact on adult Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 17: 995–1008.Google Scholar
Neuenschwander, P. 1982. Beneficial insects caught by yellow traps used in mass-trapping of the olive fly, Dacus oleae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 32: 286–296.Google Scholar
Obrycki, J.J. and Kring, T.J. 1998. Predaceous Coccinellidae in biological control. Annual Review of Entomology, 43: 295–321.Google Scholar
Pathan, A.K., Sayyed, A.H., Aslam, M., Razaq, M., Jilani, G., and Saleem, M.A. 2008. Evidence of field-evolved resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101: 1676–1684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D., and Seidel, R. 2005. Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. BioScience, 55: 573–582.Google Scholar
Pourhadji, A. 2001. Biology of Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dur) (Hem.: Miridae) and it’s injury in apple orchards of west Azarbaidjan. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 20: 47–55.Google Scholar
Pree, D.J. 1968. Control of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), a pest of fruit and vegetables in southwestern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 99: 60–64.Google Scholar
Prokopy, R.J. and Owens, E.D. 1983. Visual detection of plants by herbivorous insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 28: 337–364.Google Scholar
R Development Core Team 2010. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from www.Rproject.org [accessed 15 March 2014].Google Scholar
Raynolds, L. 2000. Re-embedding global agriculture: the international organic and fair trade movements. Agriculture and Human Values, 17: 297–309.Google Scholar
Rimoldi, F., Schneider, M.I., and Ronco, A.E. 2012. Short and long-term effects of endosulfan, cypermethrin, spinosad, and methoxyfenoside on adults of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 105: 1982–1987.Google Scholar
Robacker, D.C., Moreno, D.S., and Wolfenbarger, D.A. 1990. Effects of trap color, height, and placement around trees on capture of Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83: 412–419.Google Scholar
Roush, R.T. and Daly, J.C. 1990. The role of population genetics in resistance research and management. In Pesticide resistance in arthropods. Edited by R.T. Roush and B.E. Tabashnik. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, United States of America. Pp. 97–152.Google Scholar
Rueda, L.M. and Axtell, R.C. 1997. Arthropods in litter of poultry (broiler chicken and turkey) houses. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 14: 81–91.Google Scholar
Rundlöf, M. and Smith, H.G. 2006. The effect of organic farming on butterfly diversity depends on landscape context. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43: 1121–1127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samu, F., Sunderland, K.D., and Szinetár, C. 1999. Scale-dependent dispersal and distribution patterns of spiders in agricultural systems: a review. The Journal of Arachnology, 27: 325–332.Google Scholar
Sayyed, A.H., Pathan, A.K., and Faheem, U. 2010. Cross-resistance, genetics and stability of resistance to deltamethrin in a population of Chrysoperla carnea from Multan, Pakistan. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 98: 325–332.Google Scholar
Schmid, F., Moser, G., Müller, H., and Berg, G. 2011. Functional and structural microbial diversity in organic and conventional viticulture: organic farming benefits natural biocontrol agents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77: 2188–2191.Google Scholar
Scudder, G.G.E. and Cannings, R.A. 2005. The Coleoptera families of British Columbia [online]. Available from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/FIA/2005/FIA2005MR118b.pdf [accessed 20 December 2013].Google Scholar
Scudder, G.G.E. and Cannings, R.A. 2006. The Diptera families of British Columbia [online]. Available from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/fia/2006/fsp_y062001b.pdf [accessed 20 December 2013].Google Scholar
Scudder, G.G.E. and Cannings, R.A. 2007. The Lepidoptera families and associated orders of British Columbia [online]. Available from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/fia/2007/FSP_Y073001c.pdf [accessed 20 December 2013].Google Scholar
Shaw, P.W. 2010. Susceptibility of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, to insecticide residues on apple leaves. New Zealand Plant Protection, 63: 55–59.Google Scholar
Weber, D.C., Robbins, P.S., and Averill, A.L. 2005. Hoplia equina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and nontarget capture using 2-tetradecanone–baited traps. Environmental Entomology, 34: 158–163.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.D., Evans, A.D., and Grice, P.V. 2010. Bird conservation and agriculture: a pivotal moment? Ibis, 152: 176–179.Google Scholar
Winqvist, C., Bengtsson, J., Aavik, T., Berendse, F., Clement, L.W., Eggers, S., et al. 2011. Mixed effects of organic farming and landscape complexity on farmland biodiversity and biological control potential across Europe. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48: 570–579.Google Scholar
Yothers, M.A. and Allen, P.B. Jr. 1941. Observations on the biology and control of the treehopper Heliria praealta (Fowler) in the orchards of the Pacific Northwest. Circular 606. United States of America Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America. Pp. 12.Google Scholar