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The Life-History of Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) and its Effect on White Pine1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

R. E. Balch  and
G. R. Underwood
R. E. Balch
Affiliation:
Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B.
G. R. Underwood
Affiliation:
Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B.
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Extract

Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) belongs to the Adelginae, a group characterized by unusually complex life-cycles. The typical species have at least five distinct forms, one bi-sexual and the others parthenogenetic. They alternate between two coniferous hosts, one of which is always a species of spruce (Picea). Galls are formed on spruce by a modification of the growth of the new shoot.

The life-history of P. pinifoliae is only partially known. Patch has reported on observations in Maine which showed that the gall-making form flew from “black spruce” to the needles of white pine and that its offspring settled on the new shoots. She also described a morphologically similar winged form which developed on white-pine shoots and which she believed to be the return migrants. Annand made similar observations in Oregon and gave careful descriptions of three forms: the fundatrix, the gallicola migrans, and the exulis.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 82 , Issue 6 , June 1950 , pp. 117 - 123
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1950

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References

1.Annand, P. N.A contribution toward a monograph of the Adelginae (Phylloxeridae) of North America. Stamford Univ. Press. 1928.Google Scholar
2.Balch, R. E.The balsam woolly aphid in Canada. Sci. Agric. 14: 374–383. 1934.Google Scholar
3.Patch, E. M.Chermes of Maine conifers. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 173. 1909.Google Scholar