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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 May 2012
The Malpighian tubules of Hypoderma are endodermal in origin. There are two pairs, each pair uniting to form a common duct. The origin and distribution of the tubules in the first instar larva is different from that of the second and third instars; however, in these two later instars the pattern is similar. The lengths of the tubules in each stage of development depend on the degree of coiling. The musculature connecting the tubules, dorsal vessel, and hindgut are described.