Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 November 2014
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of international movements of labour and capital upon the commodity terms of trade. The development of the modern theory of international trade, initiated by E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin has enabled us to relax the classical assumption of complete immobility of factors among different countries, and to analyse the international movements of goods and factors within the same theoretical framework. Thus, both Heckscher and Ohlin emphasized the substitutive relationship between international trade and factor movements. But the effects of international factor movements upon the international terms of trade seem to have attracted comparatively less attention. Although the question known as the “transfer problem” was subject to detailed investigation, it is not concerned with the movement of factors of production per se.
Professors J. E. Meade and H. G. Johnson independently considered international factor movements from the long-run point of view, and presented rigorous analyses of their effects upon the commodity terms of trade. Meade dealt with the international migration of labour in order to give a theoretical basis to the regulation of migration, whereas Johnson made an ingenious use of Rybczynski's theorem to analyse the effects of international transmissions of productive power upon the terms of trade. The present paper attempts to push their analyses a little further by developing a general formulation of the problem within a neo-Heckscher-Ohlin trade model.
L'objet de cet article est d'examiner les effets des mouvements internationaux de travail et de capital sur les termes d'échange-produits dans le contexte d’un modèle de commerce Heckscher-Ohlin modifié. Un modèle mathématique simple est présenté, qui détermine de façon rigoureuse les facteurs à l'origine des changements des termes d'échange. Laissons de côté les problèmes du transfert de courte période, qui consiste en un déplacement des dépenses d'un pays à un autre et qui résulte, en une seule et unique fois, du mouvement international d'un facteur particulier. Au delà de ce transfert, les mouvements internationaux des facteurs réels de production affectent la demande internationale par trois canaux principaux:
1) leurs effets sur la quantité de facteurs (factor endowment) des pays qui donnent et qui reçoivent;
2) leurs effets sur la demande des deux pays;
3) le transfert international de revenu.
L'insistance particulière qui est donnée sur ces facteurs, ajoute une certaine généralité aux conclusions de J. E. Meade et H. G. Johnson.
1 Heckscher, , “The Effects of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income,” Ekonomisk Tidskrift, XXI (1919)Google Scholar, reprinted in Ellis, H. S. and Metzler, L. A., eds., Readings in the theory of International Trade (Philadelphia, 1949)Google Scholar; Ohlin, , Interregional and International Trade (Cambridge, Mass., 1933).Google Scholar
2 This problem has also been examined by Meade, J. E., The Theory of International Economic Policy, II, Trade and Welfare (Oxford, 1955), chaps, xix–xxiiiGoogle Scholar, and by Mundell, R. A., “International Trade and Factor Mobility,” American Economic Review, XLVII, no. 3 (06, 1957).Google Scholar
3 Meade, Trade and Welfare, chap, XXVII, and Trade and Welfare Mathematical Supplement (Oxford, 1955), chap, xixGoogle Scholar; Johnson, , International Trade and Economic Growth (London, 1958), chap. III.Google Scholar
4 International Trade and Economic Growth, 84–5.
5 In deriving equation (1.3) I have made use of the fact that ∂X 1a /∂p = p∂X 2a /∂p in the neighbourhood of equilibrium.
6 See Rybczynski, T. M., “Factor Endowments and Relative Commodity Prices,” Economica, XXII, no. 88 (11 1955).Google Scholar
7 Trade and Welfare Mathematical Supplement, 114.
8 One obvious example of such a situation is that the production functions are of the Cobb-Douglas form whose exponents are identical but the efficiency parameters are different as between different countries.
9 The case in which country B is initially a net lender can be handled without essential modification.
10 The following procedure was suggested by Mr.Jones, R. W. in his unpublished comments on Kemp, M. C., “The Gain from International Trade and Investment: A Neo-Heckscher-Ohlin Approach,” unpublished ms., (1965).Google Scholar