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Constitutional Interpretation and Institutional Perspectives: A Deliberative Proposal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2018

Donald Bello Hutt
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Abstract

Legal scholars generally consider the theorisation and constitutionalisation of constitutional interpretation as a matter for the courts. This article first challenges this tendency on conceptual grounds, showing that no institutional commitment follows from the nature of interpretation in law, constitutional law included. It then provides guidance for thinking about institutional perspectives according to two criteria: the nature and normative strength of the sources interpreted and the capacity of the interpreter to include and consider every possibility affected when her interpretation carries collective effects and is authoritatively final. The application of these criteria places the discussion on the grounds of democratic theory. The article thus reviews competing democratic theories and champions deliberative democracy as the alternative whose constitutive features best allow for the development of institutions capable of exercising constitutional interpretation when the imposition of meaning on the constitution is final and carries erga omnes effects.

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Research Article
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Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , August 2018 , pp. 235 - 255
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Copyright © Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 2018 

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Footnotes

I thank Natalia Scavuzzo, Adrian Blau, Riccardo Guastini, Koldo Casla, Jeff King, Johan Olsthoorn, Lorenzo Zucca, and Sebastian Reyes. This article results from research at the Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales in Madrid and research at the Tarello Institute for Legal Philosophy in Genoa. It is part of a research project on Popular Constitutionalism funded by CONICYT (Becas Chile—Advanced Human Capital Program, 2013-2017).

References

1. Two caveats about the focus of this article are in order. First, I will not address problems unrelated to the relationships between the notion of interpretation, institutions and democracy when that meaning has effects over the whole society. For instance, I do not address here the likely objection that giving the final word in constitutional interpretation to the same agents who should be limited by the constitution raises a rule of law problem. This is a legitimate objection, but this is not the place to tackle it. Second, it is also necessary to reflect on the specific institutional mechanisms that would make my argument empirically feasible. This essay, however, is centred on theoretical consideration and does not offer concrete institutional proposals. This endeavour deserves separate examination.

2. E.g., Richard Fallon Jr, “A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation” (1987) 100:6 Harv L Rev 1189; Joel Bakan, “Constitutional Arguments: Interpretation and Legitimacy in Canadian Constitutional Thought” (1989) 27:1 Osgoode LJ 123; Robert Post, “Theories of Constitutional Interpretation” (1990) 209 Faculty Scholarship Series 13; Frederick Schauer, “Judicial Supremacy and the Modest Constitution” (2004) 92:34 Cal L Rev 1045; Comella, Victor Ferreres, The Constitution of Spain. A Contextual Analysis (Hart, 2013) at 210.Google Scholar For a full treatment of this sort of accounts, see Donald Bello Hutt, “Against Judicial Supremacy in Constitutional Interpretation” (2017) 31 Revus 7.

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17. Lawrence Solum, “The Unity of Interpretation” (2010) 92 Boston L Rev 551 at 568.

18. Ibid at 572.

19. Ibid at 568-69.

20. Fallon, Richard Jr, “The Meaning of Legal “Meaning” and Its Implications for Theories of Legal Interpretation” (2015) 82 U Chicago L Rev 1235 at 1272.Google Scholar

21. Ibid at 1255.

22. Ibid at 1307.

23. Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Philosophical Investigations, 4th ed, translated by Anscombe, G, Hacker, P & Schulte, J (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) at §139 [emphasis in original].Google Scholar

24. Ibid at §140.

25. Ibid at 2009, §28, §32, §85.

26. Hereinafter, I use ‘decisional’ in a Schmittian sense, i.e., as unconstrained by rules/norms.

27. Marmor, supra note 4 at 44.

28. Marmor, supra note 16 at 149.

29. Ibid at 149.

30. Ibid.

31. Sunstein, Cass & Vermeule, Adrian, “Interpretation and Institutions” (2002) John M. Olin Law & Economics Working Paper 1 at 2.Google Scholar

32. My use of the term pragmatic does not refer to the philosophical construct pragmatism, understood as an alternative to realism, idealism, transcendentalism, utilitarianism, positivism, etc. Here I use the term in the way Posner does when discussing what he calls “applied pragmatism”. See Richard Posner, “Pragmatic Adjudication” (1996) 18:1 Cardozo L Rev 1 at 1. I express this caveat to anticipate the likely objection that pragmatism, understood in the first of these two senses, is also a principled alternative.

33. Ibid at 5.

34. I put aside the question of who determines which social facts count as legal sources. Judges are traditionally seen as members of what Adler calls ‘recognitional community’. See Matthew Adler, “Popular Constitutionalism and the Rule of Recognition: Whose Practices Ground U.S. Law?” (2006) 100 Nw UL Rev 719 at 726. That is, a certain group of people whose patterns of thought and behaviour ground the ultimate criteria of validity of a legal system. Hence, judges’ mental states and patterns of behaviour also count to determine which sources bind them and which do not. This problem needs more attention, however, than the one I can offer here.

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37. Schor, Miguel, “Mapping Comparative Judicial Review” (2008) 7:2 Wash U Global Stud L Rev 257 at 263.Google Scholar See, e.g., Article 138 Peruvian Constitution, Article 133 Mexican Constitution, Article 266 Guatemalan Constitution, Article 185 Salvadoran Constitution, Article 4 Colombian Constitution, Article 20 Chilean Constitution. The case is similar in Canada, Australia, Ireland and South Africa. See Pegoraro, Luigi, La justicia constitucional. Una perspectiva comparada, translated by León Alonso, M, Salvador Crespo, M & Zamora Crespo, M (Dyckinson, 2004) at 69–75.Google Scholar

38. For example, the following countries’ constitutional courts: Bolivia (Article 58 of the Ley del Tribunal Constitucional), Colombia (Article 47 of the Ley Estatutaria de Administración de Justicia 1996, and article 21 of the Decreto 2067/1991), Ecuador (Article 22 of the Ley de control constitucional 1997), Peru (Article 204 of the Peruvian Constitution), Venezuela (Article 336 of the Venezuelan Constitution), Germany, Spain, among others. Rodríguez, José Fernández, La justicia constitucional europea ante el siglo XXI (Tecnos, 2007) at 110–11.Google Scholar

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40. Waldron, Jeremy, “The Core of the Case Against Judicial Review” (2006) 115 Yale LJ 1346 at 1375, 1376–86.Google Scholar

41. For example, in the United States (US Supreme Court Rule 37), Argentine (Autoacordada 28/2004), Colombia (Article 13, Decree number 2067/1991; Constitutional Court C-513/1992), Brazil (Article 2.2., Act number 9868/1999; Article 103-A Federal Constitution and Article 3.2, Act number 11417/ 2006), South-Africa (Article 10 South-African Constitution; Rule 10 South-African Constitutional Court, Promulgated under Government Notice R1675 in Government Gazette 25726 of 31 October 2003), Canada (Subrule 61(4) of the Rules of the Supreme Court).

42. Fishkin, James, “Deliberative Democracy and Constitutions” in Frankel Paul, E, Miller, F & Paul, J, eds, What Should Constitutions do? (Cambridge University Press, 2011) 242 at 251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

43. I thank Jeff King for his suggestion to address this point.

44. Finck, supra note 36 at 126-27.

45. Ibid at 125-26; Cappelletti, supra note 36 at 137.

46. This, pace, Robert Alexy, “Balancing, constitutional review, and representation” (2005) 3:4 Int’l J Const L 572 at 579, and Pierre Rosanvallon, Democratic Legitimacy: Impartiality, Reflexivity, Proximity (Princeton University Press, 2011) at 121-68. Similarly, Ely justified judicial review as a safeguard of the representative process. His view has been criticised, however, on grounds similar to the ones I here defend. Judith Koffler, “Constitutional Catarrh: Democracy and Distrust, by John Hart Ely” (1981) 1:2 Pace L Rev 403; Tribe, supra note 15 at 28; Gargarella, Roberto, La justicia frente al gobierno. Sobre el carácter contramayoritario del poder judicial (Ariel, 1996) at 154–57;Google Scholar Posner, Richard, Law, Pragmatism and Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2005) at 233.Google Scholar

47. See, e.g., the constitutions of Chile (Articles 93.1 and 93.4), France (Articles 61, paragraph 1 and 2, and 62 final paragraph), Bolivia (Articles 196 and 202.1), Colombia (Article 241.8 second paragraph).

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51. Elster, ibid at 8.

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53. Manin, supra note 48 at 359; Martí, supra note 48 at 52.

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58. Arrow, Kenneth, Social Choice and Individual Values (Yale University Press, 2012) at 5Google Scholar See also the literature cited by Arrow at 5-6.

59. Cass Sunstein, “Interest Groups in American Public Law” (1985) 38:1 Stan L Rev 29 at 32; Martí, supra note 48 at 68.

60. Sunstein, ibid at 32; Truman, David, The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion (Alfred A Knopf, 1951) at 15.Google Scholar

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64. Martí, supra note 48 at 65.

65. Ibid at 71.

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78. Ibid at 96.

79. As some debates among deliberativists show. For example, Young has criticised Gutmann & Thompson for not emphasising enough the principle of inclusion. See supra note 76 at 155. Gutmann and Thompson replied that making inclusion explicit is not necessary, for they consider that their conception “already incorporates the basic values of inclusion in the principles of reciprocity, liberty and opportunity”. See supra note 52 at 263. See also Martí, supra note 48 at 265.

80. Young, supra note 76 at 155.

81. Manin, supra note 50 at 358; Schumpeter, supra note 54 at 269; Richard Posner, “Smooth Sailing. Democracy doesn’t need Deliberation Day” (January-February 2004) Legal Affairs; Fishkin, supra note 42 at 246.

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87. Martí, supra note 48 at 46.

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90. Cohen, “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy”, supra note 50 at 73.

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92. Ibid at 48.

93. Cohen, “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy”, supra note 50 at 77.

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98. Martí, ibid at 75.

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