Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T07:23:08.706Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An Exemplar Dynamic Approach to Language Shift

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2016

Sonya Bird*
Affiliation:
University of Victoria

Extract

This squib presents an exploration of how Exemplar Dynamics (Hintzman 1986; Goldinger 1996; Pierrehumbert 2001) can be used to model the increased phonetic variability observed in language shift situations. It is based on a study of laryngealized resonants, as pronounced by three fluent speakers of St’át’imcets, a Northern Interior Salish language of British Columbia.

Type
Squibs/Notules
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Linguistic Association/Association canadienne de linguistique 2008 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bird, Sonya, and Caldecott, Marion. 2004 Timing differences in St’át’imcets glottalized resonants: Linguistic or bio-mechanical? In Proceedings of the tenth Australian international conference on speech science and technology, 328–333.Google Scholar
Bird, Sonya, Caldecott, Marion, Campbell, Fiona, Gick, Bryan, and Shaw, Patricia A.. 2008. Oral-laryngeal timing in globalised resonants. Journal of Phonetics 36:492–507.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul, and Hayes, Bruce. 2001. Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm. Linguistic Inquiry 32:45–86.Google Scholar
Carlson, Barry F., Esling, John H., and Harris, Jimmy G.. 2004. A laryngoscopic phonetic study of Nlaka’pamux (Thompson) Salish glottal stop, glottalized resonants, and pharyngeals. University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics 17: Studies in Salish linguistics in honor of M. Dale Kinkade, ed. Gerdts, Donna B. and Matthewson, Lisa, 58–71.Google Scholar
Dorian, Nancy C. 1981. Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Esling, John H., Fraser, Katherine E., and Harris, Jimmy G.. 2005. Glottal stop, glottalized resonants, and pharyngeals: A reinterpretation with evidence from a laryngoscopic study of Nuuchahnulth (Nootka). Journal of Phonetics 33:383–410.Google Scholar
Gerten, Chip, and Baker, Kirk. 2005. The production and perception of laryngealized vowels in Coatzospan Mixtee. Journal of Phonetics 33:311–334.Google Scholar
Goldinger, Stephen D. 1996. Words and voices: Episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 22:1166–1183.Google Scholar
Goldinger, Stephen D. 2007. A complementary-systems approach to abstract and episodic speech perception. In Proceedings of 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 49–54. www.icphs2007.de (accessed November 2008).Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew, and Ladefoged, Peter. 2001. Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview. Journal of Phonetics, 29:383–406.Google Scholar
Hintzman, Douglas L. 1986. “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review 93:411–428.Google Scholar
Hooper, Joan B. 1976. Word frequency in lexical diffusion and the source of morphophono-logical change. In Current progress in historical linguistics: Proceedings of the second international conference on historical linguistics, ed. Christie, William M. Jr., 95–105. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Huffman, Marie K. 2005. Segmental and prosodie effects on coda glottalisation. Journal of Phonetics 33:335–362.Google Scholar
Johnson, Keith. 1997. Speech perception without speaker normalization. In Talker variability in speech processing, ed. Johnson, Keith and Mullennix, John, 145–165. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kinkade, M. Dale. 1967. Uvular-pharyngeal resonants in Interior Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics 33:228–234.Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McDonough, Joyce. 2003. The Navajo sound system. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Namdaran, Nahal. 2006. Retraction in St’át’imcets: An ultrasonic investigation. MA thesis, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 1995. Prosodie effects on glottal allophones. In Vocal fold physiology: Voice quality control — Proceedings of the VIIIth Voice Fold Physiology Conference, ed. Fujimura, Osamu and Hirano, Minoru, 39–60. San Diego: Singular Press.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2001. Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and contrast. In Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure, ed. Bybee, Joan and Hopper, Paul, 137–157. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2002. Word-specific phonetics. In Laboratory phonology 1, ed. Gussenhoven, Carlos and Warner, Natasha, 101–139. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2003. Exemplar Theory. Paper read at the 77th meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B., and Frisch, Stefan. 1996. Synthesizing allophonic glottalization. In Progress in speech synthesis, ed. van Santen, Jan, Sproat, Richard W., Olive, Joseph P., and Hirschberg, Julia, 9–26. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Shahin, Kimary. 2004. Whence St’át’imcets pharyngeals. Paper read at the 39th International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages, Squamish, BC.Google Scholar
Shank, Scott, and Wilson, Ian. 2000. Acoustic evidence for ʔ as a glottalized pharyngeal glide in Nuu-chah-nulth. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics 3: Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages, ed. Gessner, Suzanne and Oh, Sunyoung, 185–197.Google Scholar
van Eijk, Jan. 1987. A dictionary of the Lillooet language. Ms., University of Victoria, BC.Google Scholar
van Eijk, Jan. 1997. The Lillooet language: Phonology, morphology, syntax. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Warner, Natasha. 1996. Acoustic characteristics of ejectives in Ingush. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, ed. Bunnell, H.T. and Idsardi, W., 1525–1528. www.asel.udel.edu/icslp/cdrom/vol.3/273/a273.pdf (accessed November 2008).Google Scholar
Wright, Richard, Hargus, Sharon, and Davis, Katharine. 2002. On the categorization of ejectives: Data from Witsuwit’en. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32:43–77.Google Scholar