Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018
Given a homomorphically closed class of (not necessarily associative) rings , the lower radical property determined by is the least radical property for which all rings in are radical. Recently (7) a process of constructing the lower radical property from a class of associative rings has been given which terminates after a countable number of steps. In this process, an ascending chain of classes
is obtained and the property of being a ring in the class is the lower radical property determined by . In Theorem 1 we give another characterization of the rings in the class , λ ∈ {1, 2, …, omega;0}, and a procedure for constructing the lower radical determined by in an arbitrary associative ring is given.