Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:48:07.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neuropathology in Canada: The First One Hundred Years

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 September 2016

Marc R. Del Bigio  and
N. Barry Rewcastle
Marc R. Del Bigio*
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
N. Barry Rewcastle
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
*
Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, 401 Brodie Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P5, Canada
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

We describe the evolution of neuropathology in Canada, beginning with William Osler who began working in Montréal in 1874 and finishing with the major period of expansion in the 1970s. Organized services began in the 1930s, in Montréal with the neurosurgeons Wilder Penfield and William Cone, and in Toronto with Eric Linell and Mary Tom, who both began their careers as neuroanatomists. Jerzy Olszewski and Gordon Mathieson, who trained in Montréal and Toronto, drove the creation of the CanadianAssociation of Neuropathologists in 1960. Training guided by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada was formalized in 1965, with the first certifying examination in 1968 and the subsequent creation of formal structured training programs. The number of neuropathologists in Canada increased rapidly through the 1960s and 1970s, with individuals coming from both clinical neuroscience and anatomic pathology backgrounds, a pattern that persists to the present day.

Résumé

Résumé

Nous décrivons l'évolution de la neuropathologie au Canada, de William Osler qui commença à travailler à Montréal en 1874 jusqu'à la période d'expansion majeure des années 1970. Les services organisés ont commencé dans les années 1930, à Montréal, avec les neurochirurgiens Wilder Penfield et William Cone, et à Toronto avec Eric Linell et Mary Tom, qui ont tous deux commencé leur carrière en tant que neuroanatomistes. Jerzy Olszewski et Gordon Mathieson, qui ont acquis leur formation à Montréal et à Toronto, sont les instigateurs de la création de l'Association canadienne des neuropathologistes en 1960. La formation, pilotée par le Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada, a été officialisée en 1965. Le premier examen de qualification a eu lieu en 1968 et des programmes de formation structurés officiels ont été créés par la suite. Le nombre de neuropathologistes au Canada a augmenté rapidement au cours des années 1960 et 1970. Le programme de formation attirait des individus ayant une formation en neurosciences cliniques ou en anatomopathologie, ce qui existe toujours.

Type
Historical Review
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 37 , Issue 6 , November 2010 , pp. 725 - 744
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2010

References

1. Hassin, GB. Neuropathology, an historical sketch. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1950; 9(1):1–17.10.1097/00005072-195001000-0000115401758Google Scholar
2. Henry, JM. Neurons and Nobel Prizes: a centennial history of neuropathology. Neurosurgery. 1998;42(1):143–55.10.1097/00006123-199801000-000319442516Google Scholar
3. Roizin, L. Essay on the origin and evolution of neuropathology; some fundamental neuropathologic contributions to psychiatry. Psychiatr Q. 1957;31(3):531–55.10.1007/BF0156874813485242Google Scholar
4. Jasper, HH. The early development of neuroscience in Canada. Can J Neurol Sci. 1985;12(3):221–9.3902181Google Scholar
5. Rodin, AE. Canada’s foremost pathologist of the nineteenth century-William Osler. Can Med Assoc J. 1972;107(9):890–2.4569553Google Scholar
6. Linell, EA. The Academy of Medicine of Toronto, 1907–1957. Can Med Assoc J. 1957;76(6):437–9.13413757Google Scholar
7. Cushing, H. The life of Sir William Osler. Oxford: Calrendon Press; 1926.Google Scholar
8. Couldwell, WT, Feindel, W, Rovit, RL. William Osler at McGill University: the baby professor and his early contributions to neurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(4):705–13.10.3171/jns.2004.101.4.070515481733Google Scholar
9. Feindel, W. Osler and the “medico-chirurgical neurologists”: Horsley, Cushing, and Penfield. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(1):188–99.10.3171/jns.2003.99.1.0188AMBIGUOUS 12956462,12854767Google Scholar
10. Ebers, GC. William Osler (1849–1919). J Neurol. 2006;253(1):127–8.10.1007/s00415-006-0030-516444605Google Scholar
11. Ebers, GC. Osler and neurology. Can J Neurol Sci. 1985;12(3):236–42.3902183Google Scholar
12. Feindel, W. Neurosurgery at the Montreal Neurological Institute and McGill University Hospitals. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(4):830–9.10.1097/00006123-199610000-000388880779Google Scholar
13. Feindel, W. Osler’s brain again. Osler Libr Newsl. 1990(64):1–3.AMBIGUOUS 11616424,18472455,18472452Google Scholar
14. Glover, E. Ernest Jones; 1879–1958. Br J Psychol. 1958;49(3):177–81.10.1111/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00655.x13572789Google Scholar
15. Jones, E. Free associations. Memories of a psycho-analyst. New York: Basic Books, Inc.; 1959.Google Scholar
16. Wherrett, JR. Origins of neurology in Toronto and discovery of progressive supranuclear palsy. 1999 [cited August 2009]; Available from: http://www.aoneuro.on.ca/HTML/PSP-Wherrett.htm. Google Scholar
17. Greenland, C. Ernest Jones in Toronto, 1908–13. A fragment of biography. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1961;6:132–9.13708338Google Scholar
18. Greenland, C. C. K. Clarke: a founder of Canadian psychiatry. Can Med Assoc J. 1966;95(4):155–60.5329136Google Scholar
19. Wherrett, JR. A history of neurology in Toronto 1892–1960: Part I. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995;22(4):322–32.8599781Google Scholar
20. Paskauskas, RA. Ernest Jones: a critical study of his scientific development (1896–1913) [Ph.D.]. Toronto: University of Toronto; 1985.NOTGoogle Scholar
21. Paskauskas, RA. The complete correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones 1908–1939. Cambridge, MA / London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1993.Google Scholar
22. Kleimberg, L. Free associations revisited: the life and work of the psychoanalyst Ernest Jones (Ernest Jones Lecture 2008). 2008 [cited August 4 2009]; Available from: http://www.wps.swan.ac.uk/previousmeetings_ernestjones20.html.Google Scholar
23. Carr, I. William Boyd. Silver tongue and golden pen. Markham ON: Associated Medical Services, Inc. & Fitzhenry and Whiteside; 1993.Google Scholar
24. Carr, I. William Boyd – the commonplace and the books. Can Bull Med Hist. 1993;10:77–86.Google Scholar
25. Boyd, W. Physiology and pathology of the cerebrospinal fluid. New York: Macmillan; 1920.Google Scholar
26. Greenfield, JG, Carmichal, EA. The cerebrospinal fluid in clinical diagnosis. London: Macmillan; 1925.Google Scholar
27. Boyd, W. The Winnipeg epidemic of encephalitis lethargica. Can Med Assoc J. 1920;10:117–40.20312210Google Scholar
28. Boyd, W. The glioma group studied by ordinary histological methods. Brit Med J. 1930;2(3643)(November):720–2.10.1136/bmj.2.3643.72020775802Google Scholar
29. Gill, AS, Binder, DK. Wilder Penfield, Pio del Rio Hortega, and the discovery of oligodendroglia. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(5):940–8.17460531Google Scholar
30. Penfield, W.J.G., Greenfield, M.D.; 1884-1958; appreciation of the man. AMAArch Neurol Psychiatry. 1958;80(5):587–9.10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340110057007Google Scholar
31. Penfield, WG. No man alone. A neurosurgeon’s life. Boston / Toronto: Little, Brown and Co.; 1977.Google Scholar
32. Preul, MC, Stratford, J, Bertrand, G, Feindel, W. Neurosurgeon as innovator: William V. Cone (1897–1959). J Neurosurg. 1993;79(4):619–31.10.3171/jns.1993.79.4.06198410237Google Scholar
33. Penfield, W. Microglia and the process of phagocytosis in gliomas. Am J Pathol. 1925;1(1):77–90.19969634Google Scholar
34. Penfield, W. A further modification of del Rio Hortega’s method of staining oligodendroglia. Am J Pathol. 1930;6(4):445–8.19969919Google Scholar
35. Penfield, W, Cone, W. Acute swelling of oligodendroglia. A specific type of neuroglia change. Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1926;16(2): 131–53.10.1001/archneurpsyc.1926.02200260003001Google Scholar
36. Shugar, JL. W. V. Cone remembered. Can J Surg. 1984;27(5):515.6383584Google Scholar
37. Moore, S, Seemayer, TA, Tremblay, G. The career and influence of Pierre Masson (1880–1959). Int J Surg Pathol. 2001;9(3):231–6.10.1177/10668969010090031111584322Google Scholar
38. Masson, P. Experimental and spontaneous schwannomas (peripheral gliomas). Part II Spontaneous schwannomas. Am J Pathol. 1932; 8(4):389–416.19970027Google Scholar
39. Rice, JM, Wilbourn, JD. Tumors of the nervous system in carcinogenic hazard identification. Toxicol Pathol. 2000;28(1): 202–14.10.1177/01926233000280012510669008Google Scholar
40. Penfield, W, editor. Cytology and cellular pathology of the nervous system. New York: Paul B. Hoeber Inc.; 1932.Google Scholar
41. Lewis, DS. Royal Victoria Hospital 1887–1947. Montreal: McGill University Press; 1969.Google Scholar
42. Feindel, W. The Montreal Neurological Institute. J Neurosurg. 1991; 75(5):821–2.10.3171/jns.1991.75.5.08211919712Google Scholar
43. Rosen, HJ. Reminiscences of William Cone. Can J Surg. 1984;27(5):516–8.6383585Google Scholar
44. Robb, JP. William Vernon Cone. Can J Surg. 1984;27:518.6383586Google Scholar
45. Osler Library Archive Collections. Wilder Penfield fonds, P142. Montreal: The Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University.Google Scholar
46. Gatenby, JB, Painter, TS, editors. A handbook of the methods of animal and plant microscopic anatomy (the microtomist’s vade mecum). 10th Ed. Philadelphia PA: P. Blakiston’s Son and Co. Inc.; 1937.Google Scholar
47. Geddes, JF. A portrait of ‘The Lady’: a life of Dorothy Russell. J R Soc Med. 1997;90(8):455–61.9307003Google Scholar
48. Earle, KM. In memoriam: Webb Edward Haymaker, M.D. (1902–1984). Acta Neuropathol. 1985;66(1):1–2.10.1007/BF006982873887833Google Scholar
49. Earle, KM. “Nature reveals herselfto science”. Memoirs of Kenneth Martin Earle, M.D., M.Sc. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1993;52 (2):174–80.10.1097/00005072-199303000-000108440998Google Scholar
50. Spatz, M, Hossman, K-A. In memory of Igor Klatzo, 1916–2007. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(2):170–1.10.1097/nen.0b013e318165ae85Google Scholar
51. Osler Library Archive Collections. William Vernon Cone fonds, P163. Montreal: The Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University.Google Scholar
52. Morley, TP. Kenneth George McKenzie. 1892–1964 The founding of Canadian neurosurgery. Markham ON: Fitzhenry & Whiteside; 2004.Google Scholar
53. Linell, EA. The distribution of nerves in the upper limb, with reference to variabilities and their clinical significance. J Anat. 1921;55(Pt2-3):79–112.17103922Google Scholar
54. Linell, EA. An unusual cause of death from cancer. Brit Med J. 1922;1:872.Google Scholar
55. Cosbie, WG. The Toronto General Hospital, 1819–1965: achronicle. Toronto: Macmillan; 1975.Google Scholar
56. Findlay, JM. Neurosurgery at the Toronto General Hospital, 1924–1990: Part 1. Can J Neurol Sci. 1994;21(2):146–58.8087742Google Scholar
57. Morley, TP. Dr. Mary Isabel Tom (obituary). Bull Acad Med Toronto. 1971;45:29–30.Google Scholar
58. Botterell, EH. Kenneth, G. McKenzie, M.D. (1892–1964). Am J Psychiatry. 1965;121:936–8.10.1176/ajp.121.9.93614264777Google Scholar
59. Linell, EA. The histology of neuroglial changes following cerebral trauma. An experimental investigation. Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1929;22:926–48.10.1001/archneurpsyc.1929.02220050064005Google Scholar
60. Shaw, C-M, Alvord, EC Jr Neuropathology. In: Moore, AJ, Newell, DW, editors. Neurosurgery: principles and practice. London: Springer-Verlag; 2005. p. 39–70.10.1007/1-84628-051-6_3Google Scholar
61. Findlay, JM. Neurosurgery at the Toronto General Hospital, 1924–1990: Part 2. Can J Neurol Sci. 1994;21(3):278–84.8000987Google Scholar
62. Morley, TP. In memoriam: Eric Ambrose Linell 1891–1983. Can J Neurol Sci. 1983;10:159–60.Google Scholar
63. Holman, WL. Oskar Klotz 1878–1936 (obituary). J Pathol Bacteriol. 1937;44(2):504–7.10.1002/path.1700440228Google Scholar
64. Delarue, NC, Linell, EA, McKenzie, KG. An experimental study on the use of tantalum in the subdural space. J Neurosurg. 1944;1:239–42.10.3171/jns.1944.1.4.0239Google Scholar
65. Linell, EA, McKenzie, KG. Astrocytoma of the cerebrum showing extensive involvement of the opposite cerebral hemisphere. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1931;34(2):195–9.10.1002/path.1700340209Google Scholar
66. Wherrett, JR. A history of neurology in Toronto 1892–1960: Part II. Can J Neurol Sci. 1996;23(1):63–75.8673966Google Scholar
67. Potter, P, Soltan, H. Murray Llewellyn Barr, O.C. 20 June 1908–4 May 1995. Biograph Mem Fellows R Soc. 1997;43:33–46.10.1098/rsbm.1997.0003Google Scholar
68. Neilson, JB, Paterson, GR. Associated Medical Services, Incorporated: a history. Toronto: Associated Medical Services and the Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine; 1987.Google Scholar
69. Hannah, JA. A case of Alzheimer’s disease with neuropathological findings. Can Med Assoc J. 1936;35(10):361–6.20320397Google Scholar
70. Hannah, JA. The aetiology of subdural hematoma. (An anatomical and pathological study). J Nerv Ment Dis. 1936;84:169–86.Google Scholar
71. Paterson, GR. Jason A. Hannah: pathologist, economist, historian. Can Med Assoc J. 1977;117:193.Google Scholar
72. Paterson, GR. The Hannah Institute: promoting Canadian history of medicine. Can Med Assoc J. 1983;128:1325–8.6342740Google Scholar
73. Associated Medical Services. Home Page. [cited August 2009]; Available from: http://php.ams-inc.on.ca/. Google Scholar
74. Alexander, WS. Progressive fibrinoid degeneration of fibrillary astrocytes associated with mental retardation in a hydrocephalic infant. Brain. 1949;72(3):373–81.10.1093/brain/72.3.37315409268Google Scholar
75. Linell, EA, Farrar, CB. A cairn to the memory of Osler. Can Med Assoc J. 1961;85:1347–50.14037216Google Scholar
76. Bailey, OT. Observations on the development of neuropathology in the United States. Proc Inst Med Chic. 1964;25:154–8.14222301Google Scholar
77. Cruz-Sanchez, FF. European neuropathology – a scientific epistemology. Clin Neuropathol. 2006;25(1):5–6.16465767Google Scholar
78. Mikol, J, Weller, R. Neuropathology in Europe: an overview. Clin Neuropathol. 2006;25(1):7–13.16465768Google Scholar
79. Izquierdo, JM. Contribucion a la historia de la neuropatologia espanola. Arch Neurobiol (Madr). 1983;46(5):327–34.6362598Google Scholar
80. Kanareikin, KF. Sovetskaia nevropatologiia za 70 let. Klin Med (Mosk). 1987;65(11):16–21.AMBIGUOUS 3323659,3626451Google Scholar
81. Macchi, G. Historia de la neuropatologia italiana. Evolucion de una problematica. Arch Neurobiol (Madr). 1984;47(1):45–8.6372725Google Scholar
82. Osetowska, E. Development of neuropathology in People’s Poland. Neuropatol Pol. 1969;7(3):213–6.4905554Google Scholar
83. McMenemey, WH. Neuropathology in Western Europe: Part II Great Britain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1959;18(4):645–7.10.1097/00005072-195910000-00017Google Scholar
84. Schiffer, D. The history of neuropathology in Italy. Clin Neuropathol. 2010;29(3):177–81.10.5414/NPP2917720423693Google Scholar
85. Hassin, GB. The rise of neuropathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1942;1(1):1–2.10.1097/00005072-194201000-00001Google Scholar
86. Mennel, HD. A brief history of neuropathology. DGNN – Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Neuropathologie und Neuroanatomie [cited September 9 2009]; Available from: http://www.dgnn.de/de/index.php?frmnav=navi.php&&sprache=e&&frmcont=welcome.php. Google Scholar
87. Peiffer, J. 100 Jahre deutsche Neuropathologie. Pathologe. 1997;18 Suppl 1:S21–32.AMBIGUOUS (73 citations)Google Scholar
88. Allen, IV. The changing face of neuropathology. In: Hall, PA, Wright, NA, editors. Understanding disease: a centenary celebration of the Pathological Society. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2006. p. 185–91.Google Scholar
89. Matsushita, M. History of neuropathology in Japan. Neuropathology. 2000;20 Suppl:S2–6.AMBIGUOUS (72 citations)Google Scholar
90. Corvisier-Visy, N, Poirier, J. La neuropathologie en France (XIXe–XXe siecles) avatars semantiques et institutionnels. Arch Anat Cytol Pathol. 1996;44(1):18–27.8762884Google Scholar
91. Arendt, A. Die Rolle der Neuropathologie in der Allgemeinen Pathologie und Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1983;44(2):113–20.6351500Google Scholar
92. Anonymous. Preface of the editors. Acta Neuropathol. 1961 4–5.Google Scholar
93. Jellinger, KA. Highlights in the history of neurosciences in Austria-review. Clin Neuropathol. 2006;25(5):243–52.17007448Google Scholar
94. Long, ER. A history ofAmerican pathology. Springfield IL: Charles C Thomas; 1962.Google Scholar
95. Klatzo, I. In memoriam: Jerzy Olszewski, (1913–1964). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1964;23:727–8.AMBIGUOUS 14219106,14191980Google Scholar
96. Baxter, DW, Buettner-Ennever, JA, Sharpe, JA, Leigh, RJ. Jerzy Olszewski: cartographer of the brain stem reticular formation. Neurology. 1987;37(12):1881–2.AMBIGUOUS (484 citations)Google Scholar
97. Meessen, H, Olszewski, J. Cytoarchitektonischer Atlas des Rautenhirns des Kaninchens. Basel: Karger; 1949.Google Scholar
98. Olszewski, J. The thalamus of the Macaca mulatta: an atlas for use with the stereotaxic instrument. Basel: S. Karger; 1952.Google Scholar
99. Olszewski, J, Baxter, DW. Cytoarchitecture of the human brain stem. Basel & New York: S. Karger; 1954.Google Scholar
100. Olszewski, J. An atlas of the thalamus of Macaca mulatta, for use with the Horsley-Clarke instrument. [PhD]. Montreal: McGill University; 1951.Google Scholar
101. Zülch, KJ. Brain tumors: their biology and pathology. New York: Springer Publishing Company Inc.; 1957.Google Scholar
102. Dyck, PJ. From fish to nerve research. University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine Alumni Connective Issue. 2007;Spring: 13–4.AMBIGUOUS (1616 citations)Google Scholar
103. Wood, LC. Peter James Dyck. Oral history. 1995 [cited August 2009]; Available from: http://www.aneuroa.org/clientuploads/docs/DyckOralHistory.pdf. Google Scholar
104. Baxter, DW. Transcript of address in memory of Jerzy (George) Olszewski. 1964.Google Scholar
105. Wisniewski, T. Henry, M. Wisniewski M.D. Ph.D. J Alzheimers Dis. 2001;3(1):7–22.Google Scholar
106. Powell, HC. In memoriam Peter W. Lampert. Acta Neuropathol. 1986;72:204–5.10.1007/BF00685986Google Scholar
107. Steele, JC, Richardson, JC, Olszewski, J. Progressive supranuclear palsy. A heterogeneous degeneration involving the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia. Arch Neurol. 1964;10:333–59.10.1001/archneur.1964.0046016000300114107684Google Scholar
108. Williams, DR, Lees, AJ, Wherrett, JR, Steele, JC. J. Clifford Richardson and 50 years of progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2008;70(7):566–73.10.1212/01.wnl.0000286938.39473.0e18268249Google Scholar
109. Rothballer, AB. Transcript of address in memory of Jerzy (George) Olszewski. 1964.Google Scholar
110. Lewis, HJ. Something hidden: a biography of Wilder Penfield. Toronto: Doubleday Canada; 1981.Google Scholar
111. Mathieson, G. Pathologic aspects of epilepsy with special reference to the surgical pathology of focal cerebral seizures. Adv Neurol. 1975;8:107–38.804230Google Scholar
112. Imielinski, BL. Professor Miroslaw Jan Mossakowski (1929–2001). Folia Morphol. 2002;61(3):157–9.Google Scholar
113. Robert, F, Hardy, J. Human corticotroph cell adenomas. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1986;3(1):34–41.3039631Google Scholar
114. Jasmin, G. Dre. Françoise Robert (1930–1998). Forum – Université de Montreal. 1998;33(2).Google Scholar
115. Mathieson, G. Attention neuropathologists (letter). Can Med Assoc J. 1960;83:230.AMBIGUOUS 20326401,20326400,20326399Google Scholar
116. Letts, H, Jacques, J. A History of the Canadian Association of Pathologists. 2nd Ed. Kingston ON: Allan Graphics Ltd.; 1994.Google Scholar
117. Canadian Association of Neuropathologists. Archives.AMBIGUOUS (156 citations)Google Scholar
118. Carpenter, S, Karpati, G. Pathology of skeletal muscle. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1984.Google Scholar
119. Hastings, K. George Karpati (1934 – 2009) – a born scientist. Neuro News (Montreal Neurological Institute Newsletter). 2009; March.Google Scholar
120. Zubrzycka-Gaarn, EE, Bulman, DE, Karpati, G, et al. The Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene product is localized in sarcolemma of human skeletal muscle. Nature. 1988;333(6172):466–9.10.1038/333466a03287171Google Scholar
121. Rowland, LP. George Karpati, MD (1934–2009). J Neurol Sci. 2009;281:1.10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.372Google Scholar
122. Carpenter, S. In memoriam. Finlayson, Morrison H.. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1983;42:300–1.10.1097/00005072-198305000-00010Google Scholar
123. Baxter, DW, Stratford, JG. Neurology and neurosurgery at the Montreal General Hospital 1960–1980. Can J Neurol Sci. 2000;27(1):79–83.10.1017/S031716710000071810676595Google Scholar
124. Midroni, G, Bilbao, JM. Nerve biopsy in peripheral neuropathology. Woburn MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1995.Google Scholar
125. Wherrett, JR. John, G. Humphrey, M.D., FR.C.P.C. a remembrance. Can J Neurol Sci. 1992;19(3):402–11.Google Scholar
126. Nag, S. Neuropathology at Queens’ University. 1960s-mid 1990s. Personal reminiscences. Annual Newsletter Queen’s Pathology Alumni. 2005:16–20.Google Scholar
127. Davis, RL, Robertson, DM, editors. Textbook of neuropathology. London: Williams and Wilkins; 1985.Google Scholar
128. Ferguson, GG, Hachinski, VC Dr. Drake, Charles G. 1920–1998. Can J Neurol Sci. 1999;26(4):330–4.10.1017/S0317167100000494Google Scholar
129. Barnett, HJ. Reflections on aspects of medical progress 1944-2008-part 1. The launch of a journey lasting 65 years: personal observations made from a front-row seat at the greatest show on earth. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009;36(1):6–13.10.1017/S031716710000623519294881Google Scholar
130. Rorke, LB. In memoriam. Clarisse Lenore Dolman. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1989;48:601–2.10.1097/00005072-198909000-00013Google Scholar
131. Dolman, CL. Ultrastructure of brain tumors and biopsies: a diagnostic atlas. New York: Praeger; 1984.AMBIGUOUS (317254 citations)Google Scholar
132. Rozdilsky, B. Experimental study on the toxicity of bilirubin [PhD thesis]. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan; 1958.Google Scholar
133. Anonymous. Provincial News - Saskatchewan. Can Med Assoc J. 1960;82:797–8.Google Scholar
134. Powers, JM. AANP award for meritorious contributions to neuropathology presented to Dikran S. Horoupian, MD. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61:1024.Google Scholar
135. Norman, MG, Symchych, PS. William Leslie Donohue. Perspect Pediatr Pathol. 1984;8(3):195–8.6384921Google Scholar
136. Vinters, HV. Meritorious contributions to neuropathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67:1214–5.10.1097/01.NEN.0000342160.61758.8cGoogle Scholar
137. Norman, MG, McGillivray, B, Kalousek, DK, Hill, A, Poskitt, K. Congenital malformations of the brain: pathological, embryological, clinical, radiological, and genetic aspects. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.AMBIGUOUS (446371 citations)Google Scholar
138. Dobyns, WB. Book review. Am J Med Genet. 1997;60:744.Google Scholar
139. Halliday, WC. Dr Laurence, E. Becker, MD, FRCPC (obituary). 2002 [cited June 2006]; Available from: http://www.utoronto.ca/neuropathology/faculty/becker.html. Google Scholar
140. Cutz, E. Tribute to Laurence Edward Becker, MD, FRCPC (March 30, 1943, to July 14, 2002). Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2005;8(3):255–7.10.1007/s10024-005-3175-916010487Google Scholar
141. Takashima, S. A tribute to Dr. Laurence E. Becker (1943–2002). Neuropathology. 2002;22:367–8.10.1046/j.1440-1789.2002.00471.xGoogle Scholar
142. MacDermot, HE. One hundred years of medicine in Canada, 1867–1967. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart; 1967.Google Scholar
143. Routley, TC. The founding of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Can Med Assoc J. 1955;73(2):104–6.13240566Google Scholar
144. Lewis, DS. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 1920–1960. Montreal: McGill University Press; 1962.Google Scholar
145. Shephard, DAE. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1960–1980: The Pursuit of Unity. Ottawa: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 1985.Google Scholar
146. Auer, R. Whither neuropathology? Can J Neurol Sci. 2003;30(4):299–301.10.1017/S031716710000297314672258Google Scholar
147. Del Bigio, MR, Johnson, ES. Neuropathology in Canada: overview of development and current status. Can J Neurol Sci. 2010;37:206–12.10.1017/S031716710000993820437930Google Scholar