Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:13:04.113Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Therapy of West Nile Virus Infection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2016

Alan C. Jackson*
Affiliation:
Kingston, Ontario
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2004

References

1.Nash, D, Mostashari, F, Fine, A, et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 2001;344:18071814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Pepperell, C, Rau, N, Krajden, S, et al. West Nile virus infection in 2002: morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to hospital in southcentral Ontario. Can Med Assoc J 2003;168: 13991405.Google ScholarPubMed
3.Li, J, Loeb, JA, Shy, ME, et al. Asymmetric flaccid paralysis: a neuromuscular presentation of West Nile virus infection. Ann Neurol 2003;53:703710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Sejvar, JJ, Leis, AA, Stokic, DS, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis and West Nile virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:788793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Johnson, RT, Cornblath, DR. Poliomyelitis and flaviviruses (Editorial). Ann Neurol 2003;53:691692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Gilad, R, Lampl, Y, Sadeh, M, Paul, M, Dan, M. Optic neuritis complicating West Nile virus meningitis in a young adult. Infection 2003;31:5556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Solomon, T, Fisher, AF, Beasley, DW, et al. Natural and nosocomial infection in a patient with West Nile encephalitis and extrapyramidal movement disorders. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36: E140–E145.Google Scholar
8.Sejvar, JJ, Haddad, MB, Tierney, BC, et al. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 2003;290:511515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Sayao, A-L, Patry, D, Suchowersky, O, et al. Calgary experience with West Nile virus neurological syndrome during the late summer of 2003. Can J Neurol Sci 2004;31:194203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Lau, JY, Tam, RC, Liang, TJ, Hong, Z. Mechanism of action of ribavirin in the combination treatment of chronic HCVinfection. Hepatology 2002;35:10021009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Crotty, S, Andino, R. Implications of high RNAvirus mutation rates: lethal mutagenesis and the antiviral drug ribavirin. Microbes Infect 2002;4:13011307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Tam, RC, Lau, JY, Hong, Z. Mechanisms of action of ribavirin in antiviral therapies. Antivir Chem Chemother 2001;12:261272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Jordan, I, Briese, T, Fischer, N, Lau, JY, Lipkin, WI. Ribavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells. J Infect Dis 2000;182:12141217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Ferrara, EA, Oishi, JS, Wannemacher, RW Jr, Stephen, EL. Plasma disappearance, urine excretion, and tissue distribution of ribavirin in rats and rhesus monkeys. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981;19:10421049.Google ScholarPubMed
15.Morrey, JD, Smee, DF, Sidwell, RW,Tseng, C. Identification of active antiviral compounds against a New York isolate of West Nile virus. Antiviral Res 2002;55:107116.Google ScholarPubMed
16.Crumpacker, C, Bubley, G, Lucey, D, Hussey, S, Connor, J. Ribavirin enters cerebrospinal fluid (Letter). Lancet 1986;2:4546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Tomoda, A, Nomura, K, Shiraishi, S, et al. Trial of intraventricular ribavirin therapy for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Japan. Brain Dev 2003;25:514517.Google ScholarPubMed
18.Chowers, MY, Lang, R, Nassar, F, et al. Clinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:675678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Brassard, DL, Grace, MJ, Bordens, RW. Interferon-alpha as an immunotherapeutic protein. J Leukoc Biol 2002;71:565581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Despres, P, Griffin, JW, Griffin, DE. Antiviral activity of alpha interferon in Sindbis virus-infected cells is restored by anti-E2 monoclonal antibody treatment. J Virol 1995;69:73457348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Anderson, JF, Rahal, JJ. Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitro. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:107108.Google ScholarPubMed
22.Agrawal, AG, Petersen, LR. Human immunoglobulin as a treatment for West Nile virus infection (Editorial). J Infect Dis 2003;188:14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Solomon, T, Dung, NM, Wills, B, et al. Interferon alfa-2a in Japanese encephalitis: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:821826.Google ScholarPubMed
24.Smith, RA, Norris, F, Palmer, D, Bernhardt, L, Wills, RJ. Distribution of alpha interferon in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after systemic administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985;37:8588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Hara, S, Kimura, H, Hoshino, Y, et al. Combination therapy with intraventricular interferon-alpha and ribavirin for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and monitoring measles virus RNAby quantitative PCR assay. Brain Dev 2003;25:367369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Brooks, TJ, Phillpotts, RJ. Interferon-alpha protects mice against lethal infection with St Louis encephalitis virus delivered by the aerosol and subcutaneous routes. Antiviral Res 1999;41:5764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Goldschmidt, D. FDA gives nod to West Nile trial therapy. http://CNN.com/Health. August 22, 2002. Available at http://edition.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/conditions/08/21/west.nile.drugs/index.html (accessed on March 1, 2004).Google Scholar
28.Camenga, DL, Nathanson, N, Cole, GA. Cyclophosphamide potentiated West Nile viral encephalitis: relative influence of cellular and humoral factors. J Infect Dis 1974;130:634641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Xiao, SY, Guzman, H, Zhang, H, Travassos da Rosa, AP, Tesh, RB. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:714721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Tesh, RB, Arroyo, J, Travassos da Rosa, AP, et al. Efficacy of killed virus vaccine, live attenuated chimeric virus vaccine, and passive immunization for prevention of West Nile virus encephalitis in hamster model. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:13921397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Ben Nathan, D, Lustig, S, Tam, G, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of human intravenous immunoglobulin in treating West Nile virus infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2003;188:512.Google ScholarPubMed
32.Diamond, MS, Shrestha, B, Marri, A, Mahan, D, Engle, M. B cells and antibody play critical roles in the immediate defense of disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus. J Virol 2003;77:25782586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Engle, MJ, Diamond, MS. Antibody prophylaxis and therapy against West Nile virus infection in wild-type and immunodeficient mice. J Virol 2003;77:1294112949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Griffin, D, Levine, B, Tyor, W, Ubol, S, Despres, P. The role of antibody in recovery from alphavirus encephalitis. Immunol Rev 1997;159:155161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Levine, B, Hardwick, JM, Trapp, BD, et al. Antibody-mediated clearance of alphavirus infection from neurons. Science 1991;254:856860.Google ScholarPubMed
36.Dietzschold, B, Kao, M, Zheng, YM, et al. Delineation of putative mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:72527256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Kimura, T, Griffin, DE. Extensive immune-mediated hippocampal damage in mice surviving infection with neuroadapted Sindbis virus. Virology 2003;311:2839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Rammohan, KW, McFarland, HF, McFarlin, DE. Induction of subacute murine measles encephalitis by monoclonal antibody to virus haemagglutinin. Nature 1981;290:588589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Seamer, JH, Boulter, EA, Zlotnik, I. Delayed onset of encephalitis in mice passively immunised against Semliki Forest virus. Br J Exp Pathol 1971;52:408414.Google ScholarPubMed
40.Shimoni, Z, Niven, MJ, Pitlick, S, Bulvik, S. Treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis with intravenous immunoglobulin (Letter). Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Hamdan, A, Green, P, Mendelson, E, et al. Possible benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a lung transplant recipient with West Nile encephalitis. Transplant Infectious Disease 2002;4:160162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Haley, M, Retter, AS, Fowler, D, Gea-Banacloche, J, O’Grady, NP. The role for intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:e88–e90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Manning, A. Experimental West Nile drugs begin clinical trials. USA Today Final:D.10. September 9, 2003. Available at http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/402127301.html?did=402127301&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&date=Sep+9,+2003&desc=Experimental+West+Nile+drugs+begin+clinical+studies (accessed on March 1, 2004).Google Scholar
44.Smith, AW, Matson, DO, Stein, DA, et al. Antisense treatment of caliciviridae: an emerging disease agent of animals and humans. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2002;4:177184.Google ScholarPubMed
45.Cummings, KJ, Lee, SM, West, ES, et al. Interferon and ribavirin vs interferon alone in the re-treatment of chronic hepatitis C previously nonresponsive to interferon: a meta- analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2001;285:193199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Medina, J, Garci-Buey, L, Moreno-Monteagudo, JA, Trapero-Marugan, M, Moreno-Otero, R. Combined antiviral options for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Antiviral Res 2003;60:135143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed