Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:36:36.144Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

What's New in the Medical Management of Pediatric Epilepsy?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Elaine C. Wirrell
Elaine C. Wirrell*
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota, USA
*
Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA. Email: wirrell.elaine@mayo.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Epilepsy affects approximately 45 per 100,000 children per year. While many cases respond favorably to antiepileptic therapy, approximately 20% will prove to be medically intractable. This paper reviews some of the recently identified important metabolic and autoimmune etiologies for which there are specific therapies. Additionally, newer antiepileptic medications, including rufinamide, lacosamide, retigabine, eslicarbazepine and brivaracetam and newer dietary options, including the modified Atkins diet and low-glycemic index diet are discussed.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

L'épilepsie atteint environ 45 enfants par 100 000 annuellement. Bien que plusieurs patients répondent favorablement au traitement antiépileptique, environ 20% ont une épilepsie pharmacorésistante. Cet article revoit certaines des étiologies métaboliques et autoimmunes importantes identifiées récemment, pour lesquelles il existe un traitement spécifique. De plus, nous traitons des nouveaux médicaments antiépileptiques dont le rufinamide, le lacosamide, la rétigabine, l'eslicarbazépine et le brivaracetam et de nouvelles options diététiques dont le régime Atkins modifié et la diète à indice glycémique faible.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 39 , Issue S6 , November 2012 , pp. S30 - S34
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2012

References

1. Camfield, CS, Camfield, PR, Gordon, K, Wirrell, E, Dooley, JM. Incidence of epilepsy in childhood and adolescence: a population-based study in Nova Scotia from 1977 to 1985. Epilepsia. 1996;37:19–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Wirrell, EC, Grossardt, BR, Wong-Kisiel, LC, Nickels, KC. Incidence and classification of new-onset epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes in children in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1980 to 2004: a population-based study. Epilepsy Res. 2011;95:110–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Brorson, LO, Wranne, L. Long-term prognosis in childhood epilepsy: survival and seizure prognosis. Epilepsia. 1987;28:324–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Camfield, C, Camfield, P, Gordon, K, Smith, B, Dooley, J. Outcome of childhood epilepsy: a population-based study with a simple predictive scoring system for those treated with medication. J Pediatr. 1993;122:861–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Berg, AT, Berkovic, SF, Brodie, MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010;51:676–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Snead, OC, 3rd, Hosey, LC. Exacerbation of seizures in children by carbamazepine. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:916–921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Genton, P. When antiepileptic drugs aggravate epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2000;22:75–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. DiMario, FJ Jr, Clancy, RR. Paradoxical precipitation of tonic seizures by lorazepam in a child with atypical absence seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 1988;4:249–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Stockler, S, Plecko, B, Gospe, SM Jr, et al. Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy and antiquitin deficiency: clinical and molecular characteristics and recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Mol Genet Metab. 2011;104:48–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10. Wolf, B, Heard, GS, Weissbecker, KA, McVoy, JR, Grier, RE, Leshner, RT. Biotinidase deficiency: initial clinical features and rapid diagnosis. Ann Neurol. 1985;18:614–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Wang, D, Pascual, JM, De Vivo, D. Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome. 1993.Google ScholarPubMed
12. Suls, A, Mullen, SA, Weber, YG, et al. Early-onset absence epilepsy caused by mutations in the glucose transporter GLUT1. Ann Neurol. 2009;66:415–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Mullen, SA, Suls, A, De Jonghe, P, Berkovic, SF, Scheffer, IE. Absence epilepsies with widely variable onset are a key feature of familial GLUT1 deficiency. Neurology. 2010;75:432–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Urbizu, A, Cuenca-Leon, E, Raspall-Chaure, M, et al. Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, writer’s cramp, migraine with aura and absence epilepsy in twin brothers with a novel SLC2A1 missense mutation. J Neurol Sci. 2010;295:110–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Newmeyer, A, Cecil, KM, Schapiro, M, Clark, JF, Degrauw, TJ. Incidence of brain creatine transporter deficiency in males with developmental delay referred for brain magnetic resonance imaging. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26:276–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Stockler, S, Schutz, PW, Salomons, GS. Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes: clinical aspects, treatment and pathophysiology. Subcell Biochem. 2007;46:149–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Ramaekers, VT, Blau, N. Cerebral folate deficiency. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:843–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. Hyland, K. Neurochemistry and defects of biogenic amine neurotransmitter metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999;22:353–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19. Hyland, K, Arnold, LA. Value of lumbar puncture in the diagnosis of infantile epilepsy and folinic acid-responsive seizures. J Child Neurol. 2002;17 Suppl 3:3S48–55; discussion 43S56.Google ScholarPubMed
20. Bien, CG, Scheffer, IE. Autoantibodies and epilepsy. Epilepsia 2011;52 Suppl 3:18–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Wong-Kisiel, LC, McKeon, A, Wirrell, E. C. Autoimmune Encephalopathies and Epilepsies in Children and Teenagers. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;in press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Dalmau, J, Gleichman, AJ, Hughes, EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:1091–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Hancock, E, Osborne, JP. Vigabatrin in the treatment of infantile spasms in tuberous sclerosis: literature review. J Child Neurol. 1999;14:71–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24. Chiron, C, Dulac, O. The pharmacologic treatment of Dravet syndrome. Epilepsia. 2011;52 Suppl 2:72–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Gross-Selbeck, G. Treatment of “benign” partial epilepsies of childhood, including atypical forms. Neuropediatrics. 1995;26:45–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Wirrell, E, Ho, AW, Hamiwka, L. Sulthiame therapy for continuous spike and wave in slow-wave sleep. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;35:204–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. Coppola, G. Update on rufinamide in childhood epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:399–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Resnick, T, Arzimanoglou, A, Brown, LW, et al. Rufinamide from clinical trials to clinical practice in the United States and Europe. Epileptic Disord. 2011;13 Suppl 1:S27–43.Google ScholarPubMed
29. Verrotti, A, Loiacono, G, Ballone, E, Mattei, PA, Chiarelli, F, Curatolo, P. Efficacy of rufinamide in drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;44:347–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Glauser, T, Kluger, G, Sachdeo, R, Krauss, G, Perdomo, C, Arroyo, S. Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology. 2008;70:1950–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Kluger, G, Glauser, T, Krauss, G, Seeruthun, R, Perdomo, C, Arroyo, S. Adjunctive rufinamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a long-term, open-label extension study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;122:202–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Coppola, G, Grosso, S, Franzoni, E, et al. Rufinamide in children and adults with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: first Italian multicenter experience. Seizure. 2010;19:587–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33. Kluger, G, Kurlemann, G, Haberlandt, E, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of rufinamide in children and adults with refractory epilepsy: first European experience. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:491–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Vendrame, M, Loddenkemper, T, Gooty, VD, et al. Experience with rufinamide in a pediatric population: a single center’s experience. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;43:155–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Brodie, MJ, Rosenfeld, WE, Vazquez, B, et al. Rufinamide for the adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in adults and adolescents: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1899–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Schimpf, R, Veltmann, C, Papavassiliu, T, et al. Drug-induced QT-interval shortening following antiepileptic treatment with oral rufinamide. Heart Rhythm. 2012;in press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37. Chu-Shore, CJ, Thiele, EA. New drugs for pediatric epilepsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2010;17:214–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38. Ben-Menachem, E, Biton, V, Jatuzis, D, Abou-Khalil, B, Doty, P, Rudd, GD. Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1308–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Halasz, P, Kalviainen, R, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska, M, et al. Adjunctive lacosamide for partial-onset seizures: Efficacy and safety results from a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2009;50:443–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40. Chung, S, Sperling, MR, Biton, V, et al. Lacosamide as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2010;51:958–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41. Heyman, E, Lahat, E, Levin, N, Berkovitch, M, Gandelman-Marton, R. Preliminary efficacy and safety of lacosamide in children with refractory epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16:15–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42. Guilhoto, LM, Loddenkemper, T, Gooty, VD, et al. Experience with lacosamide in a series of children with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;44:414–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43. Hofler, J, Unterberger, I, Dobesberger, J, Kuchukhidze, G, Walser, G, Trinka, E. Intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus and seizure clusters. Epilepsia. 2011;52:e148–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44. Goodwin, H, Hinson, HE, Shermock, KM, Karanjia, N, Lewin, JJ, 3rd. The use of lacosamide in refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14:348–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45. Rantsch, K, Walter, U, Wittstock, M, Benecke, R, Rosche, J. Efficacy of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus and simple partial status epilepticus. Seizure. 2011;20:529–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46. Nizam, A, Mylavarapu, K, Thomas, D, et al. Lacosamide-induced second-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with partial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52:e153–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47. Stafstrom, CE, Grippon, S, Kirkpatrick, P. Ezogabine (retigabine). Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10:729–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48. Fattore, C, Perucca, E. Novel medications for epilepsy. Drugs. 2011;71:2151–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49. French, JA, Abou-Khalil, BW, Leroy, RF, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ezogabine (retigabine) in partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2011;76:1555–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50. Brodie, MJ, Lerche, H, Gil-Nagel, A, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive ezogabine (retigabine) in refractory partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2010;75:1817–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51. Ben-Menachem, E, Gabbai, AA, Hufnagel, A, Maia, J, Almeida, L, Soares-da-Silva P. Eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in adult patients with partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2010;89:278–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52. Almeida, L, Minciu, I, Nunes, T, et al. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate in children and adolescents with epilepsy. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48:966–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53. French, JA, Costantini, C, Brodsky, A, von Rosenstiel, P. Adjunctive brivaracetam for refractory partial-onset seizures: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology. 2010;75:519–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54. Malykh, AG, Sadaie, MR. Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders. Drugs. 2010;70:287–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55. Perucca, E. What is the promise of new antiepileptic drugs in status epilepticus? Focus on brivaracetam, carisbamate, lacosamide, NS-1209, and topiramate. Epilepsia. 2009;50 Suppl 12:49–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56. Kossoff, EH, Krauss, GL, McGrogan, JR, Freeman, JM. Efficacy of the Atkins diet as therapy for intractable epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;61:1789–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57. Pfeifer, HH, Thiele, EA. Low-glycemic-index treatment: a liberalized ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy. Neurology. 2005;65:1810–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58. Kossoff, EH, McGrogan, JR, Bluml, RM, Pillas, DJ, Rubenstein, JE, Vining, EP. A modified Atkins diet is effective for the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47:421–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59. Kumada, T, Miyajima, T, Oda, N, Shimomura, H, Saito, K, Fujii, T. Efficacy and tolerability of modified Atkins diet in Japanese children with medication-resistant epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2012;34:32–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60. Miranda, MJ, Mortensen, M, Povlsen, JH, Nielsen, H, Beniczky, S. Danish study of a modified Atkins diet for medically intractable epilepsy in children: can we achieve the same results as with the classical ketogenic diet? Seizure. 2011;20:151–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61. Kossoff, EH, Bosarge, JL, Miranda, MJ, Wiemer-Kruel, A, Kang, HC, Kim, HD. Will seizure control improve by switching from the modified Atkins diet to the traditional ketogenic diet? Epilepsia. 2010;51:2496–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62. Muzykewicz, DA, Lyczkowski, DA, Memon, N, Conant, KD, Pfeifer, HH, Thiele, EA. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the low glycemic index treatment in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1118–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63. Coppola, G, D’Aniello, A, Messana, T, et al. Low glycemic index diet in children and young adults with refractory epilepsy: first Italian experience. Seizure. 2011;20:526–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar