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Cultural Diversity and Theories of Political Integration*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2009

Arend Lijphart
Arend Lijphart
Affiliation:
University of Leiden
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Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , March 1971 , pp. 1 - 14
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association (l'Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique 1971

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References

1 Political Unification: A Comparative Study of Leaders and Forces (New York, 1965), xviii.

2 Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality (Cambridge Mass., 1953); Political Community at the International Level: Problems of Definition and Measurement (Garden City, NY, 1954).

3 Deutsch, et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton, 1957).Google Scholar

4 (Philadelphia, 1964).

5 Introduction to Kuper, and Smith, M. G., eds., Pluralism in Africa (Berkeley, 1969), 14.Google Scholar

6 Haas, , The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–57 (Stanford, 1958), 16Google Scholar; Etzioni, Political Unification, 6. See also Lindberg, Leon N., The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration (Stanford, 1963), 109.Google Scholar

7 Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 5–9.

8 Political Unification, 4.

9 Political Community at the International Level, 33; see also Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 5–7.

10 The Uniting of Europe, 16.

11 See Nye, Joseph S. Jr., “Comparative Regional Integration: Concept and Measurement,” International Organization, XXII, no. 4 (Autumn 1968), 871.Google Scholar

12 The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, 1963), 14–15. See also Kim, Young C., “The Concept of Political Culture in Comparative Politics,” Journal of Politics, XXVI, no. 2 (May 1964), 313–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

13 Nationalism and Social Communication, 13.

14 Ibid., 62, 71.

15 Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 58, 66.

16 European Union and United States Foreign Policy: A Study in Sociological Jurisprudence (New York, 1954), 110–11.

17 “The Influence of Values in Political Integration,” in Jacob and Toscano, The Integration of Political Communities, 209–10.

18 “Comparative Political Systems,” Journal of Politics, XVIII, no. 3 (Aug. 1956), 398–9, 405–8. See also Almond and Verba, The Civic Culture, 134; Almond, , “Political Systems and Political Change,” American Behavioral Scientist, VI, no. 5 (June 1963), 9–10Google Scholar; Almond, and Powell, G. Bingham Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, 1966), 259–66.Google Scholar

19 The Functions of Social Conflict (Glencoe, Ill., 1956), 78–9.

20 Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City, 1963), 77.

21 The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion (New York, 1951), 508–16.

22 “National Integration and Political Development,” American Political Science Review, LVIII, no. 3 (Sept. 1964), 630.

23 Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley, 1964), 9.

24 The Uniting of Europe, xv–xvi.

25 Haas, and Schmitter, Philippe C., “Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration: Projections about Unity in Latin America,” International Organization, XVIII, no. 4 (Autumn 1964), 711–19, 726.Google Scholar To the original nine factors, three were added in a subsequent research note: Mario Barrera and Haas, “The Operationalization of Some Variables Related to Regional Integration: A Research Note,” ibid., XXIII, no. 1 (Spring 1969), 150–60.

26 The Uniting of Europe, 286.

27 “The Uniting of Europe and the Uniting of Latin America,” Journal of Common Market Studies, V, no. 4 (June 1967), especially 327–8. See also Hansen, Roger D., “Regional Integration: Reflections on a Decade of Theoretical Efforts,” World Politics, XXI, no. 2 (Jan. 1969), 242–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28 Political Unification, 35.

29 Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 46–7, 125.

30 Ibid., 159.

31 Political Unification, 22, 35.

32 Ibid., 36.

33 Federal Government (4th ed., New York, 1964), 38–9, 44. See also Teune, Henry, “The Future of Federalism: Federalism and Political Integration,” in Earle, Valerie, ed., Federalism: Infinite Variety in Theory and Practice (Itasca, Ill., 1968), especially 216–20.Google Scholar

34 Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (Boston, 1964), 12–16, 129–36.

35 Ibid., 15–16 (italics added).

36 Ibid., 108, 129–36.

37 Lijphart, , “Typologies of Democratic Systems,” Comparative Political Studies, I, no. 1 (April 1968), 17–35Google Scholar; “Consociational Democracy,” World Politics, XXI, no. 2 (Jan. 1969), 207–25. See also Lijphart, , The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley, 1968)Google Scholar, especially chaps. 1 and 10.

38 Lehmbruch, , Proporzdemokratie: Politisches System und politische Kultur in der Schweiz und in Österreich (Tübingen, 1967)Google Scholar; Bluhm, , “Political Integration, Cultural Integration, and Economic Development: Their Relationship in the Nation-Building Experience of Republican Austria,” paper presented at the eighth World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Munich, 1970.Google Scholar See also Steiner, Jürg, Gewaltlose Politik und kulturelle Vielfalt: Hypothesen entwickelt am Beispiel der Schweiz (Bern, 1970)Google Scholar; Stiefbold, Rodney, “Elite-Mass Opinion Structure and Communication Flow in a Consociational Democracy (Austria),” paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, 1968Google Scholar; and Powell, and Stiefbold, , “Social Structure and Political Conflict in Austrian Community Systems: A Preliminary Report,” paper presented at the eighth World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Munich, 1970.Google Scholar

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40 Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven, 1966), 358–9.

41 “Federal Political Systems and Federal Societies,” World Politics, XX, no. 4 (July 1968), 729. See also Noel, S. J. R., “Political Parties and Elite Accommodation: Interpretations of Canadian Federalism,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Winnipeg, 1970.Google Scholar

42 Politics in West Africa (London, 1965), 74, 79, 81.

43 A Theory of Political Integration (Homewood, Ill., 1967), 79, 112.

44 Political Community at the International Level, 39–40. See also Nye, “Comparative Regional Integration,” 862–3.

45 Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 29–31.

46 Political Unification, 11.

47 Ibid., 30.

48 “Decision-Making and Integration in the European Community,” International Organization, XIX, no. 1 (Winter 1965), 80.

49 “The Uniting of Europe and the Uniting of Latin America,” 330.

50 The Uniting of Europe, 17.

51 “An Analysis of the Deutsch Sociocausal Paradigm of Political Integration,” International Organization, XXIII, no. 2 (Spring 1969), 254–90.

52 Lijphart, “Typologies of Democratic Systems,” 28–9. This is also one of Riker's three conditions.

53 Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 44–6.

54 Haas and Schmitter, “Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration,” 711.

55 Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 37–9; Etzioni, Political Unification, 294–300. See also Russett, Bruce M., International Regions and the International System: A Study in Political Ecology (Chicago, 1967) 22.Google Scholar

56 Lijphart, “Typologies of Democratic Systems,” 17–18.

57 “Political Integration, Cultural Integration, and Economic Development,” 24.

58 “On Building Consociational Nations: The Cases of the Netherlands and Switzerland,” paper presented at the UNESCO Meeting of Experts on the Problems of State Formation and Nation-Building, Cérisy-la-Salle, 1970, p. 16 (italics omitted).

59 See Dahl, Political Oppositions in Western Democracies, 358n.

60 Cf. Etzioni's distinction between the political culture and the general culture of a group.

61 A number of useful measures for this purpose are proposed in Rae, Douglas W. and Taylor's, Michael recent book The Analysis of Political Cleavages (New Haven, 1970).Google Scholar