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Interest-Group Tactics and the Politics of Foreign Investment: The Time-Reader's Digest Case Study*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2009

Isaiah A. Litvak  and
Christopher J. Maule
Isaiah A. Litvak
Affiliation:
Carleton University
Christopher J. Maule
Affiliation:
Carleton University
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Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 7 , Issue 4 , December 1974 , pp. 616 - 629
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association (l'Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique 1974

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References

1 “Defensive Expansionism: The State and Economic Growth in Canada,” in The State and Economic Growth ed. Aitken, (New York, 1959).Google Scholar

2 Debates, House of Commons, 17 June 1922, 3110.

3 Ibid., 5 March 1923, 832.

4 Ibid., 17 July 1931, 3878.

5 Ibid., 3887–95.

6 Ibid., 3892; Toronto Globe, 2 June and 5 June, 1931.

7 Debates, House of Commons, 25 Feb. 1936, 490–517.

8 Ibid., 7 Aug. 1956, 7169.

9 Ibid., 20 March 1956, 2333. For an extended discussion of the development of the magazine issue, see Litvak, I.A., Maule, C.J., Cultural Sovereignty: The Time and Reader's Digest Case in Canada (New York, 1974).Google Scholar

10 At the time, the ppa embraced three constituent associations: the Magazine Publishers Association, which comprised 10 magazines; the Business Newspaper Association, with 144 member publications; and the Agricultural Press Association, made up of 4 farm publications. Maclean-Hunter published 3 general circulation magazines and 41 business and trade magazines.

11 Hearings, Royal Commission on Publications, Vol. 12, 82.

12 Ibid., Vol. 3, 12.

13 Ibid., 19.

14 Report of the Royal Commission on Publications (Ottawa, 1961).

15 Debates, House of Commons, 18 Jan. 1962, 2; 22 Jan. 1962, 59.

16 Ibid., 20 Feb. 1964, 57–8.

17 Speech in May 1969 by Gordon, W., cited in Report of the Special Senate Committee on Mass Media, Vol. 3 (Ottawa, 1970), 213.Google Scholar In addition, see Lamarsh, Judy V., Memoirs of a Bird in a Gilded Cage (Toronto, 1969), 71–2Google Scholar: Elson, Robert T., The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1941–1960, Vol. 2 (New York, 1973)Google Scholar; Swanberg, W.A., Luce and His Empire: A Biography (New York, 1972).Google Scholar

18 New York Times, 23 March 1956, 23:3; 23 April 1957, 50:4.

19 Ibid., 28 March 1956, 15:5.

20 Ibid., 19 June 1958, 53:1.

21 Ibid.

22 Globe and Mail, 24 January 1962, 19.

23 Ibid., 16 June 1961, 22.

24 Newman, Peter C., The Distemper of Our Times (Toronto, 1968), 224–6.Google Scholar

25 Debates, 21 June 1961, 6815.

26 Ibid., 11 Sept. 1961, 8155.

27 Globe and Mail, 24 January 1962, 19.

28 Debates, 28 June 1961, 8184.

29 See Time (Canada), 26 December 1960, 42–3; 20 January 1961, 12; 3 February 1961, 10–11; 23 June 1961, 5–6; 7 July 1961, 7.

30 Globe and Mail, 24 January 1962, 1.

31 The Reader's Digest (Canadian Edition), March 1962.

32 Debates, 15 June 1965, 2435–6.

33 Partial text of Speech by G. Ball in Harriman, New York, 25 April 1964, reported in Globe and Mail, 30 April 1964, 7.

34 Ibid., 1 May 1964, b-1. The communiqué issued at the close of the meeting of the mctea stated that “The United States members expressed their concern over possible Canadian measures which might adversely affect certain United States publications.” Debates, 1 May 1964, 2853.

35 Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, 225; Gordon, W., A Choice For Canada (Toronto, 1968), 97.Google Scholar

36 Clarkson, S. (ed.), An Independent Foreign Policy for Canada? (Toronto, 1968), 52.Google Scholar

37 Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, 225.

38 Cited in Smith, Denis, Gentle Patriot: A Political Biography of Walter Gordon (Edmonton, 1973), 231.Google Scholar Canadian media interests, along with Liberal caucus members, had expressed much opposition to the government's magazine proposal of February 1964. To help make the policy less unpalatable, the government linked it with a provision on foreign ownership of Canadian newspapers and presented it as a package deal in April 1965. For an outline of the genesis of this compromise solution, see D. Smith, 226–34.

39 Debates, 15 June 1965, 2435.

40 Maclean-Hunter, whose total assets increased from $13 to $88 million over the years 1964–73, has diversified its holdings, making it less dependent on the fluctuations of magazine advertising revenue and thus less anxious over the effects of Time and Reader's Digest in Canada. See 1973 Annual Report, Maclean-Hunter Ltd.

41 For examples, see Saturday Night, Feb., Oct., and Nov. 1970.

42 Senate Debates, 4 February 1969, 956.

43 The generalizations presented in this section were derived from an analysis by the authors of a sample of submissions to the Senate Committee.

44 The Report of the Special Senate Committee on Mass Media (Ottawa, 1970), Vol. 1, 165–6.

45 Senate Debates, 9 December 1970, 310–11.

46 Toronto Star, 10 Dec. 1970, 11.

47 See Litvak, I.A., Maule, C.J., and Robinson, R.D., Dual Loyalty: Canadian-U.S. Business Arrangements (Toronto, 1971), 98–111.Google Scholar

48 Report of the Royal Commission on Publications, 4 and 153.

49 See Porter, J., The Vertical Mosaic (Toronto, 1965), 457–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

50 See Siebert, F.S., Peterson, T., Schramm, W., Four Theories of the Press (Chicago, 1965).Google Scholar

51 Report of the Royal Commission on Publications, 4.

52 In 1971, the Ontario government appointed a Royal Commission on Book Publishing because of rising concern over foreign ownership in the industry.