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Small Businessmen, Branch Managers, and Their Relative Susceptibility to Right-wing Extremism: An Empirical Test

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2009

Richard L. Nolan  and
Rodney E. Schneck
Richard L. Nolan
Affiliation:
University of Illinois
Rodney E. Schneck
Affiliation:
University of Alberta
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Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , March 1969 , pp. 89 - 102
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association (l'Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique 1969

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References

1 Key, V. O. Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups (New York, 1964), 72.Google Scholar

2 “Business and Politics: A Critical Appraisal of Political Science,” in Dahl, Robert A., Haire, Mason, and Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Social Science Research on Business: Product and Potential (New York, 1959), 22.Google Scholar

3 See Lasswell, Harold D., “The Psychology of Hitlerism,” Political Quarterly, 4 (1933), 373–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Saposs, David J., “The Role of The Middle Class in Social Development: Fascism, Populism, Communism, Socialism,” in Economic Essays in Honour of Wesley Clair Mitchell (New York, 1935), 395–424Google Scholar; Corey, Lewis, The Crisis of the Middle Class (New York, 1935Google Scholar); Cantril, Hadley, The Psychology of Social Movements (New York, 1941CrossRefGoogle Scholar), chaps. 8 and 9; Gerth, Hans, “The Nazi Party: Its Leadership and Composition,” American Journal of Sociology, 45 (1940), 517—41Google Scholar; Fromm, Erich, Escape from Freedom (New York, 1941), 184–5, 211–17, 219–21, 236Google Scholar; Mannheim, Karl, Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction (New York, 1940), 59, 102, 105Google Scholar; Meusal, Alfred, “Middle Class,” Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1933), X, 407–15Google Scholar; Neumann, Sigmund, Permanent Revolution (New York, 1942), 28.Google Scholar

4 Lipset, Seymour M., “Social Stratification and ‘Right-Wing Extremism’,” British Journal of Sociology, 10 (1959), 1–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar, “The Radical Right: A Problem for American Democracy,” British Journal of Sociology, 6, (1955), 176–209, Political Man (New York, 1963), chap. 5; Parsons, Talcott, “Some Sociological Aspects of the Fascist Movement,” in his Essays of Sociological Theory (Glencoe, 1954), 133–4Google Scholar; Trow, Martin, “Small Businessmen, Political Tolerance and Support For McCarthy,” American Journal of Sociology, 64 (1958), 270–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kornhauser, William, The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe, 1959), 194–211Google Scholar; Bell, Daniel, ed., The Radical Right (New York, 1964Google Scholar); Hofstadter, Richard, “The Pseudo-Conservative Revolt,” American Scholar, 24 (1954), 9–27Google Scholar; Mills, C. Wright, White Collar (New York, 1956Google Scholar), chap. 3; Bunzel, John H., The American Small Businessman (New York, 1962Google Scholar), and “The General Ideology of American Small Business,” Political Science Quarterly, 70 (1955), 87–102; Shils, Edward A., The Torment of Secrecy (Glencoe, 1955Google Scholar).

5 Bunzel, The American Small Businessman, 255.

6 Also, it should be recognized that the objective probability of “going broke” in a small business is very high. This large turnover rate increases the fear and uncertainty of operating a small business. “Going broke” is a constant threat to many small businessmen.

7 The American Small Businessman, 256.

8 Trow, “Small Businessmen, Political Tolerance and Support for McCarthy,” 279.

9 For an excellent summary of these data see Lipset, Political Man, 138–73; and Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society.

10 Gerth, “The Nazi Party”; Pratt, Samuel, “The Social Basis of Nazism and Communism in Urban Germany” (unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University, 1948Google Scholar), as seen in Lipset, “Social Stratification and Right-Wing Extremism,” 12; Heberle, Rudolph, From Democracy to Nazism (Baton Rouge, 1945Google Scholar); Loomis, Charles P. and Beegle, J. Allen, “The Spread of German Nazism in Rural Areas,” American Sociological Review, 11 (1946), 724–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11 Political Man, 147–8.

12 Hoffman, Stanley, Le Mouvement Poujade (Paris, 1956Google Scholar), as summarized in Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society, 204–5; Campbell, Peter, “Le Mouvement Poujade,” Parliamentary Affairs, 10 (1957), 362–77Google Scholar; Duverger, Maurice, The French Political System (Chicago, 1958), 96–7.Google Scholar

13 As seen in Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society, 205.

14 Survey conducted by the French National Institute for Population Study in 1956 as seen in Lipset, Political Man, 235 and chap. VII.

15 Ehrmann, Henry W., Organized Business in France (Princeton, 1957Google Scholar).

16 Trow, “Small Businessmen.”

17 Wallerstein, Immanuel, McCarthyism and the Conservative (M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 1954Google Scholar), as seen in Lipset, Political Man, 172.

18 Rogers, David and Berg, Ivan E., “Occupation and Ideology: The Case of the Small Businessman,” Human Organization, 6 (1961), 103–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

19 Trow, “Small Businessmen.”

20 All statistical coefficients are adjusted for degrees of freedom.

21 Lipset, Political Man, 105.

22 See Rush, G. B., ‘Toward a Definition of the Extreme Right,” Pacific Sociological Review, 6 (1963), 64–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 The following are some of the sources used: G. B. Rush, “Toward a Definition of the Extreme Right”; Ellsworth, Ralph E. and Harris, Sarah M., The American Right Wing (Washington, 1962Google Scholar); Cook, Fred J., “The Ultras,” Nation, 194 (1962Google Scholar), special issue; Janson, Donald and Eismann, Bernard, The Far Right (New York, 1963Google Scholar); Bell, , ed., The Radical Right (New York, 1964Google Scholar); Sherwin, Mark, The Extremists (New York, 1963Google Scholar); Lipset, Political Man, chap. 5; Ferkiss, Victor C., “Political and Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism, Right and Left,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 344 (1962), 1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Populist Influences on American Fascism,” Western Political Quarterly, 10 (1957), 350–73; Proshansky, Harold M. and Evans, Richard I., eds., “American Political Extremism in the 1960's,” Journal of Social Issues, 19 (1963Google Scholar); Horton, Philip, “Revivalism on the Far Right,” Reporter, 25 (1961), 25–9Google Scholar; Morris, Willie, “Houston's Superpatriots,” Harper's, 223 (1961), 48–56Google Scholar; McClosky, Herbert, “Conservatism and Personality,” American Political Science Review, 52 (1958), 27–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Broyles, J. Allen, The John Birch Society (Boston, 1964Google Scholar); Pole, J. R., “Forward from McCarthyism,” Political Quarterly, 33 (1962), 196–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 For an example of its past use, see Campbell, Anguset al., The American Voter (New York, 1960Google Scholar).

25 For an example of its past use, see Stouffer, Samuel A., Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (Garden City, NY, 1955Google Scholar).

26 See Sanford, Fillmore H., Authoritarianism and Leadership (Philadelphia, 1950Google Scholar). Also see Eager, Joan and Smith, M. B., “A Note on the Validity of Sanford's Authoritarian-Equalitarian Scale,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47 (1952), 265–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For an example of its past use, see Janowitz, Morris and Marvick, Dwaine, “Authoritarianism and Political Behavior,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 17 (1953), 185–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 See Srole, Leo, “Social Integration and Certain Corollaries: An Exploratory Study,” American Sociological Review, 21 (1956), 709–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For an example of its past use, see Kornhauswer, Arthur, Sheppard, Harold L., and Mayer, Albert J., When Labor Votes: A Study of Auto Workers (New York, 1956Google Scholar).

28 The BMD 04M, “Discriminant Analysis for Two Groups,” computer program was used for the discriminant analysis computations. The program computes a set of linear functions for classifying an object into one of two groups. The group assignment procedure followed is derived from a model of a multivariate normal distribution of observations within groups such that the covariance matrix is the same for all groups. See Dixon, W. J., ed., Biomedical Computer Programs, “BMD 04M, Discriminant Analysis for Two Groups” (Los Angeles, 1964), 185–95.Google Scholar

29 Mukherjee, Ramkrishna and Bandyopadhyay, Suraj, “Social Research and Mahalanobis's D2,” in Rao, C. R., ed., Contributions to Statistics (Calcutta, 1965), 267.Google Scholar For other technical discussions of discriminant analysis, see Anderson, T. W., An Introduction to Multivariate Analysis (New York, 1958Google Scholar), Kendall, M. G., A Course in Multi-varied Analysis (London, 1957Google Scholar), and Goulden, C. H., Methods of Statistical Analysis, chap. 17, 2nd ed. (New York, 1952Google Scholar).