Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:26:42.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Retirement Lost?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Lynn McDonald  and
Peter Donahue
Lynn McDonald*
Affiliation:
Institute for Life Course and Aging, University of Toronto
Peter Donahue
Affiliation:
Renison University College, University of Waterloo
*
*Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to / La correspondance et les demandes de tirés-à-part doivent être adressées à: Lynn McDonald, Ph.D. Professor and Director, Institute for Life Course and Aging University of Toronto 222 College Street Suite 106 Toronto ON M5T 3J1 (lynn.mcdonald@utoronto.ca)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this article, we raise the question as to whether retirement is lost as we currently know and understand it in Canada. With a selected review, we examine retirement research according to the scope of retirement and the new retirement, possible theoretical developments, the timing of transitions into retirement, and life as a retiree including the quality or lack of pensions. Accordingly, we propose that retirement is undergoing modifications on the basis of several trends that commenced before the 2008 economic downturn. The data would appear to lean towards the emergence of a different type of retirement, insofar as the collective Canadian vision of retirement is lost, notwithstanding the economic meltdown in global markets.

Résumé

Cet article soulève la question de savoir si la retraite, comme nous la connaissons et comprenons actuellement au Canada, est perdue. Grâce à un examen sélectif, nous examinons la recherche sur la retraite selon la durée de la retraite, de nouveaux types de retraite, les évolutions théoriques possibles, les moments de transition vers la retraite, et la vie des retraités, y inclus la qualité ou le manque de pensions. En conséquence, nous proposons que la retraite est soumise a des modifications sur la base de plusieurs tendances qui ont commencé avant le ralentissement économique de 2008. Les données semblent indiquer l’émergence d’un type différent de la retraite, dans la mesure où la vision collective canadienne de la retraite n’est pas perdue, malgré la crise économique sur les marchés mondiaux.

Keywords

retraitetransfert de pensionplan de retraitetravail et retraitepolitique des pensionsthéorie de la retraiteretraite et le cours de la vieretirementpension shiftretirement planningwork and retirementpension policyretirement theoryretirement and the life course
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , September 2011 , pp. 401 - 422
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AARP. (2005). The business case for workers age 50+: Planning for tomorrow’s talent needs for today’s competitive environment. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons.Google Scholar
Abbott, M.G., Beach, C.M., Boadway, R.W., & MacKinnon, J.G. (Eds.). (2009). Retirement policy issues in Canada. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Alan, S., Atalay, K., & Crossley, T.F. (2008). The adequacy of retirement savings: Subjective survey reports by retired Canadians. Canadian Public Policy, 34(1), 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambachtsheer, K. (2008). Why we need a pension revolution. Canadian Public Policy, 34(Suppl. Nov.), 7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An, M.Y., Christensen, B.J., & Gupta, N.D. (2004). Multivariate mixed proportional hazard modelling of the joint retirement of married couples. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(6), 687–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atchley, R.C. (1976). The sociology or retirement. New York: Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Baker, M., & Benjamin, D. (1999). Early retirement provisions and the labor force behavior of older men: Evidence from Canada. Journal of Labor Economics, 17(4), 724–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2003). The retirement incentive effects of Canada’s income security programs. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(2), 261–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, B. (2008). The shift from DB to DC coverage: A reflection on the issues. Canadian Public Policy, 34(Suppl. Nov.), 29–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, B. (2009). Research study on the Canadian retirement income system. Retrieved August 20, 2010, fromhttp://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/consultations/pension/dec09report.html.Google Scholar
Baldwin, B., & Fitzgerald, B. (2010). Seeking certainty in uncertain times: A review of recent government-sponsored studies on the regulation of Canadian Pension Plans. C. D. Howe Institute Commentary. Retrieved August 20, 2010, fromhttp://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/Commentary_310.pdf.Google Scholar
Barnett, R., James, S., Sargent, T., & Lavoie, C. (2004). The Canadian labour force participation rate revisited: Cohort and wealth effects take hold (Mimeo). http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/publications_resources/research/categories/labour_market_e/sp_785_12_05_e/page14.shtml July 13, 2011. Ottawa: Human Resources and Skill Development, Canada.Google Scholar
Battle, K. (1997). Pension reform in Canada. Canadian Journal of Aging, 16(3), 519–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Béland, D., & Myles, J. (2005). Stasis amidst change. In Bonoli, G., & Shinkawa, T. (Eds.), Aging and pension reform around the world: Evidence from eleven countries. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Béland, D., & Myles, J. (2008). Policy change in the Canadian welfare state: Comparing the Canada Pension Plan and unemployment insurance (SEDAP Research Paper No. 235). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Blau, D.M. (1998). Labor force dynamics of older married couples. Journal of Labor Economics, 16(3), 595–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, D.M., & Goldstein, R. (2007). What explains trends in labor force participation of older men in the United States? Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, F. (1990). Postindustrial possibilities: A critique of economic discourse. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnar, S. (2008). How vulnerable are private pensions? Canadian Public Policy, 34(1), 21–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnar, S. (2009). Design features, strengths, and limitations of defined-benefit plans. In Abbott, M.G., Beach, C.M., Boadway, R.W., & MacKinnon, J.G. (Eds.), Retirement policy issues in Canada (pp. 217–220). Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Bowlby, G. (2007). Defining retirement. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8(2), 15–19.Google Scholar
Brown, R.L. (1995). Security for social security: Raise the age of retirement? In Gee, E., & Gutman, G. (Eds.), Re-writing retirement. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Simon Fraser University, Gerontology Research Centre.Google Scholar
Brown, R. (2010). Economic security in an aging Canadian population (SEDAP Research Paper No. 268). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Brown, T.H., & Warner, D.F. (2008). Divergent pathways? Racial/ethic differences in older women’s labor force withdrawal. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 63B, S122–S134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulanda, J.R., & Zhang, Z. (2009). Race-ethnic differences in subjective survival expectations for the retirement years. Research on Aging, 31(6), 688–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butrica, B.A., Johnson, R.W., & Zedlewski, S.R. (2009). Volunteer dynamics of older Americans. The Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 64B(5), 644–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, E., Haverstick, K., & Sass, S.A. (2009). Gradual retirement, sense of control, and retirees’ happiness. Research on Aging, 31(1), 112–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campaign 2000. (2010). 2010 report card on child and family poverty in Canada: 1989-2010. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Campaign 2000.Google Scholar
Canadian Institute of Actuaries. (2009). Retooling Canada’s ailing pension system now, for the future: Canada’s actuaries advocate change. Canadian Institute of Actuaries. Document number 209097.Google Scholar
Canadian Institute of Actuaries. (2010). Government-facilitated retirement income plans (White paper). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Chappell, N.L., McDonald, L., & Stones, M. (2008). Aging in contemporary Canada (2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pearson.Google Scholar
Compton, J. (2001). Determinants of retirement: Does money really matter? Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Cooke, M. (2006). Policy changes and the labour force participation of older workers: Evidence from six countries. Canadian Journal on Aging, 25(4), 387–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, C. (2007). Labor-force participation: The population age 55 and older. Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute.Google Scholar
Couch, K.A., Jolly, N.A., & Placzek, D.W. (2009). Earnings losses of older displaced workers: A detailed analysis with administrative data. Research on Aging, 31(1), 17–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cranswick, K. (2003). General Social Survey Cycle 16: Caring for an aging society, 2002. Catalogue no. 89-582-XIE. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Cranswick, K., & Dosman, D. (2008). Eldercare: What we know today. Canadian Social Trends, 86, 48–56.Google Scholar
Damman, M., Henkens, K., & Kalmijn, M. (2010). Retirement of Dutch male older workers: The role of mid-life educational, work, health, and family experiences (Netspar Discussion Paper). Tilburg, The Netherlands: University of Tilburg.Google Scholar
Dannefer, D. (2003). Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: Cross-fertilizing age and social science theory. The Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 58B(6), S327–S337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M.A. (2001, April). Key antecedents to the bridge employment decision among early retirees. Paper presented at the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
Denton, F.T., Finnie, R., & Spencer, B.G. (2009). Income replacement in retirement: Longitudinal evidence from income tax records (QSEP Research Paper No. 436). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Denton, F.T., & Spencer, B.G. (1996). How old is old? Revising the definition based on life table criteria (IESOP Research Paper No. 2). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Denton, F., & Spencer, B. (2005). Population aging and the macroeconomy: Explorations in the use of immigration as an instrument of control (QSEP Research Paper No. 398). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Denton, F.T., & Spencer, B.G. (2009). What is retirement? A review and assessment of alternative concepts and measures. Canadian Journal on Aging, 28(1), 63–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denton, F.T., & Spencer, B.G. (2010). Age of pension eligibility, gains in life expectancy, and social policy (SEDAP Research Paper No. 276). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Deschênes, N., & Stone, L.O. (2006). The probability of reaching the state of retirement: A longitudinal analysis of variations between men and women. In Stone, L.O. (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (Catalogue no. 75-511-XIE ed.). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
De Vaus, D., Wells, Y., Kendig, H., & Quine, S. (2007). Does gradual retirement have better outcomes than abrupt retirement? Results from an Australian panel study. Ageing and Society, 27(5), 667–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diestel, S., & Schmidt, K.-H. (2009). Mediator and moderator effects of demands on self-control in the relationship between work load and indicators of job strain. Work & Stress, 23(1), 60–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donahue, W., Orbach, H., & Pollak, O. (1960). Retirement: The emerging social pattern. In Tibbitts, C. (Ed.), Handbook of social gerontology (pp. 330–406). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Duchesne, D. (2002). Seniors at work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 3(5), 5–16.Google Scholar
Duchesne, D. (2004). More seniors at work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 16(1), 55–67.Google Scholar
Dunn, K. (2005, December). Estimating and forecasting aggregate retirement flows in the Canadian labour market: Final report (Catalogue No. SP-785-12-05E). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Human Resources and Social Development Canada, Policy Research and Coordination Directorate.Google Scholar
Ekerdt, D.J. (2009a). Frontiers of research on work and retirement. The Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 65B(1), 69–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekerdt, D.J. (2009b). Population retirement patterns. In Uhlenberg, P. (Ed.), International Handbook of Population Aging (pp. 471–491). New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekerdt, D.J., & DeViney, S. (1990). On defining persons as retired. Journal of Aging Studies, 4, 211–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eschuk, C. (2003). New forms of work organization, skills and training: Final report. Hull, Quebec, Canada: Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch.Google Scholar
Estes, C.L., &Associates. (2001). Social policy and aging: A critical perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Feldman, D.C. (1994). The decision to retire early: A review and conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 285–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferraro, K.F., Shippee, T.P., & Schafer, M.H. (2009). Cumulative inequality theory for research on aging and the life course. In Bengston, V.L., Silverstein, M., Putney, N., & Gans, D. (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (2nd ed., pp. 413–434). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Flippen, C., & Tienda, M. (2000). Pathways to retirement: Patterns of labor force participation and labor market exit among the pre-retirement population by race, Hispanic origin, and sex. The Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55B(1), S14–S27.Google Scholar
Frenette, M., & Morrisette, R. (2003). Will they ever converge? Earnings of immigrants and Canadian born workers over the last two decades. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 11F0019MIE – No. 215. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Business and Labour Market Analysis Canada.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fries, J.F. (1989). The compression of morbidity: Near or far? The Milbank Quarterly, 67, 208–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller-Thomson, E. (2005). Grandparents raising grandchildren in Canada: A profile of skipped generation families (SEDAP Research Paper No. 132). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Galarneau, D. (1994). Baby boom women. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 6(4), 23–29.Google Scholar
Gallo, W., Brand, J.E., Teng, H.-M., Leo-Summers, L., & Byers, A.L. (2009). Differential impact of involuntary job loss on physical disability among older workers: Does predisposition matter? Research on Aging, 31(3), 345–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardyn, R. (2000). Retirement redefined. American Demographics, November, 1–7.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Oxford, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Globe and Mail. (2009, Nov. 20). Report on Business, Retirement Lost, Part One: The Crisis, Retirement dreams under siege. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 10, 2010, fromhttp://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/retirement/Google Scholar
Gougeon, P. (2009). Shifting pensions. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 10(5), 16–23.Google Scholar
Gower, D. (1997). Measuring the age of retirement. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 75(1), 11–17.Google Scholar
Gower, D. (1998). Retirement patterns of working couples. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 10(3), 27–30.Google Scholar
Grafstrom, M., Nordberg, A., & Winblad, B. (1993). Abuse is in the eye of the beholder: Report by family members about abuse of demented persons in home care. A total population-based study. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 21(4), 247–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greller, M.M., & Stroh, L.K. (2003). Extending work lives: Are currently approaches tools or talismans? In Adams, G.A., & Beehr, T.A. (Eds.), Retirement: Reasons, processes, and results (pp. 115–135). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Guillemard, A.M. (2000). Aging and the welfare state crisis. Cranbury, NJ: Delaware University Press.Google Scholar
Gunderson, M. (2001). Income security programs. Simulations of incentive effects of private and public pensions (Working Paper SP-AH-086-05-01E). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Human Resources Development Canada.Google Scholar
Gupta, N.D., & Larsen, M. (2010). The impact of health on individual retirement plans: Self-reported versus diagnostic measures. Health Economics, 19, 792–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustman, A.L., & Steinmeier, T.L. (2001). Retirement and wealth. Social Security Bulletin, 64(2), 66–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Gustman, A.L., & Steinmeier, T.L. (2004). Personal accounts and family retirement. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustman, A.L., & Steinmeier, T.L. (2007). Projecting behavioral responses to the next generation of retirement policies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliwell, C. (2009). Retirement in Canada: Some trends… some issues. In Abbott, M.G., Beach, C.M., Boadway, R.W., & MacKinnon, J.G. (Eds.), Retirement policy issues in Canada. Montreal, Ontario, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Han, S.-K., & Moen, P. (1999). Clocking out: Temporal patterning of retirement. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 191–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hébert, B.-P., & Luong, M. (2008). Bridge employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 9(11), 5–12.Google Scholar
Henkens, K. (1999). Retirement intentions and spousal support: A multi-actor approach. The Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 54B(2), S63–S73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henkens, K., & Tazelaar, F. (1997). Explaining retirement decisions of civil servants in the Netherlands: Intentions, behavior and the discrepancy between the two. Research on Aging, 19, 139–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2002). Spousal influences on the decision to retire. International Journal of Sociology, 32(Summer), 55–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henretta, J.C. (1992). Uniformity and diversity: Life course institutionalization and later-life work exit. Sociological Quarterly, 33, 265–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hering, M., & Klassen, T.R. (2010). Is 70 the new 65? Raising the eligibility age in the Canada Pension Plan. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation.Google Scholar
Hicks, P. (2003). New policy research on population aging and life-course flexibility. Horizons, 6(2), 3–6.Google Scholar
Hicks, P., Halliwell, C., Hébert, B.-P., & Lenjosek, G. (2008). Some perspectives on changing the pension system. Canadian Public Policy, 34(Suppl. Nov.), 15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, M.D. (1990). The joint retirement decision of husbands and wives. In Wise, D.A. (Ed.), Issues in the Economics of Aging. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hutchens, R., & Papps, K.L. (2005). Developments in phased retirement. In Clark, R.L., & Mitchell, O.S. (Eds.), Reinventing the retirement paradigm (pp. 287). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jametti, M. (2008). Underfunding of defined benefit pension plans and benefit guarantee insurance: An overview of theory and evidence. Canadian Public Policy, 34(Suppl. Nov.), 39–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R.W. (2002). The puzzle of later male retirement. Economic Review, (Q III), 5–26.Google Scholar
Johnson, R.W. (2004). Trends in job demands among older workers: 1992-2002. Monthly Labor Review, 7, 48–56.Google Scholar
Johnson, R.W., Mermin, G.B.T., & Resseger, M. (2007). Employment at older ages and the changing nature of work. Retrieved from July 12, 2010http://www.aarp.org/research/work/employment/2007_20_work.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kapsalis, C., & Tourigny, P. (2004). Duration of non-standard employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 5(12), online edition.Google Scholar
Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2010). Information search for retirement plans among financially distressed consumers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 31, 51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, S., & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Working in retirement: The antecedents of bridge employment and its consequences for quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1195–1210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, M., & Rein, M. (1991). The changing balance of work and retirement. In Kohli, M., Rein, M., Guillemard, A.M., & van Gunsteren, H. (Eds.), Time for retirement: Comparative studies of early exit from the labour force (pp. 1–35). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kubicek, B., Korunka, C., Hoonakker, P., & Raymo, J.M. (2010). Work and family characteristics as predictors of early retirement in married men and women. Research on Aging, 32(4), 467–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, N., Cutt, J., & Prince, M. (1996, February). The Canada Pension Plan: Retrospect and prospect. Paper presented at the Conference on Reform of the Retirement Income System, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
LaRochelle-Côté, S., & Gilmore, J. (2009). Canada’s employment downturn. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 10(12), 5–12.Google Scholar
LaRochelle-Côté, S., Myles, J., & Picot, G. (2008). Income security and stability during retirement in Canada. The Program for Research on Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population No. 236. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University, Canada.Google Scholar
Lazear, E. (1986). Retirement from the labor force. In Ashenfelter, O., & Layard, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 1). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Little, B. (2008). Fixing the future: How Canada’s usually fractious governments worked together to rescue the Canada Pension Plan. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeans, . (1961). A case for retiring but at 50, a case: For retiring not at 50, a case: For retiring (not quitting) at 50. MacLeans, 71.Google Scholar
Marshall, K., & Ferrao, V. (2007). Participation of older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8(8), 5–11.Google Scholar
Marshall, V.W., Clarke, P.J., & Ballantyne, P.J. (2001). Instability in the retirement transition: Effects on health and well-being in a Canadian study. Research on Aging, 23(4), 379–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martel, L., Caron-Malenfant, E., Vézina, S., & Bélanger, A. (2007). Labour force projections for Canada, 2006-2031. Canadian Economic Observer, 20(6).Google Scholar
McDonald, L. (1997). The link between social research and social policy options: Reverse retirement as a case in point. Canadian Journal on Aging/Canadian Public Policy, CJA 16/CPP 23(Special Joint Issue, Suppl.), 90–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, L. (2006). Gendered retirement: The welfare of women and the “new” retirement. In Stone, L.O. (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (pp. 137–164). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
McDonald, L., & Donahue, P. (2000). Poor health and retirement: The Canadian case. Ageing and Society, 20, 493–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, L., Donahue, P., & Marshall, V. (2000). The economic consequences of unexpected early retirement. In Denton, F.T., Fretz, D., & Spencer, B.G. (Eds.), Independence and economic security in old age (pp. 267–292). Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
McDonald, L., & Robb, A.L. (2004). The economic legacy of divorce and separation for women in old age. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23(Suppl. 1), S83–S97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, L., Sussman, T., & Donahue, P. (2002, October). The economic consequences when the caregiving is over. Paper presented at the Canadian Association on Gerontology 31st Annual Scientific and Educational Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Google Scholar
McDonald, J.T., & Valenzuela, M.R. (2009). The impact of skill mismatch among migrants on remittance behaviour (SEDAP Research Paper No. 242). Hamilton, Ontario, McMaster University, CanadaGoogle Scholar
McDonald, L., & Wanner, R.A. (1990). Retirement in Canada. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Butterworths.Google Scholar
McLellan, D. (2009). Defined contribution plans in Canada and possible design improvements. In Abbott, M.G., Beach, C.M., Boadway, R.W., & MacKinnon, J.G. (Eds.), Retirement policy issues in Canada (pp. 221–226). Montreal, Qurbec: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Mermin, G.B.T., Johnson, R.W., & Murphy, D. (2007). Why do boomers plan to work longer? Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 62B(5), S286–S294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, J. (2009). Summary report on retirement income adequacy research (Research Working Group on Retirement Income Adequacy). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Department of Finance Canada.Google Scholar
Moen, P., Huang, Q., Plassmann, V., & Dentinger, E. (2006). Deciding the future: Do dual-earner couples plan together for retirement? American Behavioral Scientist, 49(10), 1422–1443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, P., Kim, J., & Hofmeister, H. (2001). Couples’ work/retirement transitions, gender, and marital quality. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 55–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, P., Sweet, S., & Swisher, R. (2005). Embedded career clocks: The case of retirement planning. In Macmillan, R. (Ed.), The structure of the life course: Standardized? Individualized? Differentiated? (Vol. 9, pp. 237–268). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Monk, A.H.B. (2010). Institutional change in the era of globalization: A comparison of corporate pension policies in Japan and the U.S. (Working Paper Series). Oxford, UK: University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Morissette, R., Schellenberg, G., & Silver, C. (2004). Retaining older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 5(10), 15–20.Google Scholar
Moussaly, K. (2010). Participation in private retirement savings plans, 1997 to 2008. Ottawa, Ontario Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 13F0026M, no. 1Google Scholar
Munnell, A.H., & Sass, S.A. (2008). The decline of career employment. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College, Centre for Retirement Research. Brief #18–14Google Scholar
Myles, J. (1984). Old age in the welfare state: The political economy of public pensions. Boston, MA: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Myles, J. (2006). From pension policy to retirement policy: Towards a new social agenda? In Stone, L. (Ed.), New Frontiers of research on retirement (pp. 65–82). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Noone, J.H., Alpass, F.M., & Stephens, C. (2010). Do men and women differ in their retirement planning? Testing a theoretical model of gendered pathways to retirement preparation. Research on Aging, 32(6), 715–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noone, J.H., Stephens, C., & Alpass, F.M. (2009). Preretirement planning and well-being in later life: A prospective study. Research on Aging, 31(3), 295–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2009). OECD private pensions outlook 2008. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).Google Scholar
OECD. (2010). Pensions in France and abroad: Seven key indicators. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).Google Scholar
O’Rand, A.M. (2003). The future of the life course: Late modernity and life course risks. In Mortimer, J.T., & Shannon, M.T. (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 693–701). New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rand, A.M., & Farkas, J.I. (2002). Couples’ retirement timing in the United States in the 1990s: The impact of market and family role demands on joint work exits. International Journal of Sociology, 32(2), 11–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rand, A.M., & Henretta, J.C. (1999). Age and inequality: Diverse pathways through later life. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Orenstein, M.A. (2008). Privatizing pensions: The transnational campaign for social security reform. Ewing, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmore, E., Burchett, B., Fillenbaum, G., George, L., & Wallman, L. (1985). Retirement: Causes and consequences. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Park, J. (2010). Health factors and early retirement among older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 11(6), 5–13.Google Scholar
Pesando, J.E. (2008). Risky assumptions: A closer look at the bearing of investment risk in defined-benefit pension plans. The Pension Papers No. 266. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: C. D. Howe Institute.Google Scholar
Phillipson, C.R. (2006). Extending working life: Problems and prospects for social and public policy. In Bauld, L., Clark, K., & Maltby, T. (Eds.), Social policy review 18. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Phillipson, C., & Smith, A. (2005). Extending working life: A review of the research literature. Norwich, UK: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Pinquart, M., & Schindler, I. (2007). Changes of life satisfaction in the transition to retirement: A latent-class approach. Psychology and Aging, 22, 442–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pleau, R.L. (2010). Gender differences in postretirement employment. Research on Aging, 32(3), 267–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Policy Research Initiative. (2004). Views on life-course flexibility and Canada’s aging population. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Policy Research Initiative.Google Scholar
Polterovich, V., & Popov, V. (2006). Stages of development, economic policies and a new world economic order (MPRA Paper No. 20055). Munich, Germany: Munich Personal RePEc Archive.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pond, R., Stephens, C., & Alpass, F.M. (2010). How health affects retirement decisions: Three pathways taken by middle-older aged New Zealanders. Ageing and Society, 30, 527–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pushkar, D., Chaikelson, J., Conway, M., Etezadi, J., Giannopoulus, C., Li, K., et al. . (2010). Testing continuity and activity variables as predictors of positive and negative affect in retirement. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65B(1), 42–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pyper, W. (2006). Aging, health and work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 18(1), 48–58.Google Scholar
Pyper, W., & Giles, P. (2002). Approaching retirement. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 14(4), 9–16.Google Scholar
Robson, W.B.P. (2009). Pension reform in Canada: Getting from denial to acceptance. Montreal, Ontario, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Robson, W.B.P. (2010). Cutting through pension complexity: Easy steps forward for the 2010 federal budget (Backgrounder). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: C. D. Howe Institute.Google Scholar
Rosenkoetter, M.M., & Garris, J.M. (1998). Psychosocial changes following retirement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27(5), 966–976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sass, S.A., Monk, C., & Haverstick, K. (2010, February). Workers’ response to the market crash: Save more, work more? (Brief, IB#10-3). Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College, Center for Retirement Research.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G. (2004). The retirement plans and expectations of non-retired Canadians 45 to 59 (Catalogue No. 11F0019MIE). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G., & Ostrovsky, Y. (2008a). 2007 General Social Survey report: The retirement plans and expectations of older workers. Canadian Social Trends, Winter(86), 11–34.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G., & Ostrovsky, Y. (2008b). Retiring together, or not. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 9(4), 5–11.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G., & Ostrovsky, Y. (2010). Pension coverage and earnings replacement rates among Canadian couples (Analytic Studies Branch Research Paper No. 327). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G., & Silver, C. (2004). You can’t always get what you want: Retirement preferences and experiences. Canadian Social Trends, Winter(75), 2–7.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G., Turcotte, M., & Ram, B. (2005a). Post-retirement employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 6(9), 14–17.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G., Turcotte, M., & Ram, B. (2005b). What makes retirement enjoyable? Canadian Social Trends, 78(Fall), 12–14.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G., Turcotte, M., & Ram, B. (2006). The changing characteristics of older couples and joint retirement in Canada. In Stone, L. (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (pp. 199–218). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Schirle, T. (2005). The effects of health and financial incentives on retirement decisions in Canada. Manuscript. Vancouver B.C.: University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Schirle, T. (2007). Health, pensions, and the retirement decision: Evidence from Canada. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University, Department of Economics.Google Scholar
Schirle, T. (2008). Why have the labor force participation rates of older men increased since the mid-1990s? Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 549–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Settersten, R.A. Jr. (2006). Aging and the life course. In Binstock, R., & George, L. (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (6th ed., pp. 3–20). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shannon, M.T., & Grierson, D. (2004). Mandatory retirement and older worker employment. Canadian Journal of Economics, 37(3), 528–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, G., & Verma, A. (2001). Is there life after career employment? Labour-market experience of early ‘retirees’. In Marshall, V.W., Heinz, W.R., Krüger, H., & Verma, A. (Eds.), Restructuring work and the life course (pp. 288–302). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Sonnetag, S., & Frese, M. (2003). Stress in organizations. In Borman, W.C., Ilgen, D.R., & Klimoski, R.J. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 453–491). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2002). A profile of disability in Canada, 2001. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2007). Study: Participation of older workers. Retrieved July 20, 2010, fromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/070824/dq070824a-eng.htmGoogle Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2010). Labour force information (Catalogue no. 71-001-X). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. (2003). Globalization and the economic role of the state in the new millennium. Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(1), 3–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stobert, S., & Cranswick, K. (2004). Looking after the seniors: Who does what for whom? [Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 11–008]. Canadian Social Trends, Autumn(74), 2–6.Google Scholar
Stone, L.O., & Nouroz, H. (2006). Patterns of work-to-retirement transition among Canadian public-sector employees. In Stone, L.O. (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (Vol. Catalogue no. 75-511-XPE). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Streib, G.F., & Schneider, S.J. (1971). Retirement in American society. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Szinovacz, M. (2006). Families and retirement. In Stone, L.O. (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (pp. 165–198). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Szinovacz, M., & Davey, A. (2005). Retirement and marital decision-making: Effects on retirement satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67, 387–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szinovacz, M.E. (2003). Contexts and pathways: Retirement as institution, process, and experience. In Adams, G. A. & Beehr, T. A. (Eds.), Retirement: Reasons, processes, and outcomes. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Szinovacz, M.E., & Davey, A. (2004). Honeymoons and joint lunches: Effects of retirement and spouse’s employment on depressive symptoms. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59B(5), P233–P245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szinovacz, M.E., DeViney, S., & Davey, A. (2001). Influences of family obligations and relationships on retirement: Variations by gender, race, and marital status. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 56B, S20–S27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Daily. (2008, March 10). Study: Income security in retirement among the working population. Retrieved fromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080310/dq080310b-eng.htm. Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
The Daily. (2009, July 1). Canada’s population estimates: Age and sex. Retrieved fromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/091127/dq091127b-eng.htm. Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
The Daily. (2010, May 25). Pension plans in Canada, as at January 1, 2009. Retrieved fromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100525/dq100525c-eng.htm.Google Scholar
The Economist. (2009, June 25). A survey of ageing populations: Work till you drop - Retirement has got out of hand. Retrieved fromhttp://www.economist.com/node/13887861. London, UK: The Economist.Google Scholar
The Federal Task Force on Financial Literacy. (2010). What we heard: A summary of public consultations. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Minister of Finance.Google Scholar
Tompa, E. (1999). Transition to retirement: Determinants of age of social security take up (SEDAP Research Paper No. 6). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: McMaster University.Google Scholar
Topa, G., Moriano, J.A., Depolo, M., Alcover, C.-M., & Morales, J.F. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of retirement planning and decision-making: A meta-analysis and model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 38–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townson, M. (2006). Growing older, working longer. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.Google Scholar
Turcotte, M., & Schellenberg, G. (2005). Job strain and retirement. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 17(3), 35–39.Google Scholar
Twenge, J.M., Campbell, S.M., Hoffman, B.J., & Lance, C.E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36(5), 1117–1142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, L.B., & Brott, P.E. (2005). Older workers and bridge employment: Redefining retirement. Journal of Employment Counseling, 42(4), 159–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uppal, S. (2010). Labour market activity among seniors. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 11(7), 5–18.Google Scholar
Uppal, S., Wannell, T., & Imbeau, E. (2009). Pathways into the GIS. [Statistics Canada — Catalogue no. 75-001-X]. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 10(8), 5–14.Google Scholar
Uriarte-Landa, J., & Hébert, B.-P. (2009). Work-life balance of older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 10(10), 17–28.Google Scholar
van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2008). Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement: Two of a kind? Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 422–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vincent, J.A. (2006). Globalization and critical theory: Political economy of world population issues. In Baars, J., Dannefer, D., Phillipson, C.R., & Walker, A. (Eds.), Aging, globalization and inequality: The new critical gerontology. Amityville, NY: Baywood.Google Scholar
Vosko, L.F., & Clark, L.F. (2009). Canada: Gendered precariousness and social reproduction (Working Paper).Toronto ON: York University.Google Scholar
Vosko, L.F., MacDonald, M., & Campbell, I. (Eds.). (2009). Gender and the contours of precarious employment. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vosko, L.F., Zukewich, N., & Cranford, C. (2003). Precarious jobs: A new typology of employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 4(10).Google Scholar
Walker, A. (2006). Reexamining the political economy of aging: Understanding the structure/agency tension. In Baars, J., Dannefer, D., Phillipson, C.R., & Walker, A. (Eds.), Aging, globalization and inequality: The new critical gerontology. Amityville, NY: Baywood.Google Scholar
Walker, A., & Deacon, B. (2003). Economic globalization and policies on aging. Journal of Societal and Social Policy, 2(2), 1–18.Google Scholar
Wang, M. (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees’ psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 455–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, M., & Shultz, K.S. (2010). Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Journal of Management, 36(1), 172–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M., Zhan, Y., Liu, S., & Schultz, K.S. (2008). Antecedents of bridge employment: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 818–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wannell, T. (2007a). Public pensions and work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8(8), 12–19.Google Scholar
Wannell, T. (2007b). Young pensioners. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8(2), 5–14.Google Scholar
Weaver, R.K. (2004). Pension reform in Canada: Lessons for the United States. Ohio State Law Journal, 65(1), 44–74.Google Scholar
Wong, J.D., & Hardy, M.A. (2009). Women’s retirement expectations: How stable are they? Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 64B(1), 77–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhan, Y., Wang, M., Liu, S., & Shultz, K.S. (2009). Bridge employment and retirees’ health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 374–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed