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“Colonized Body,” “Oriental Machine”: Debating Race, Railroads, and the Politics of Reconstruction in Germany and East Africa, 1906–1910

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Bradley D. Naranch
Bradley D. Naranch
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins University
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Extract

The years 1906–1910 were a period of crisis and unstable consensus in German colonial history. In contrast to the debates of the previous two decades following Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's 1884 decision to establish overseas protectorates, colonial discourse in Germany after 1905 shifted decisively away from abstract considerations of the desirability of colonies for economic and imperialist expansion to focus on the more practical matters of colonial policy and long-term developmental reform. Indeed, given the fact that by 1905 the German colonial empire covered a sprawling expanse of land six times the size of the German state, including territories in Africa, the South Pacific, and a naval base (Tsingtao) on the coast of China, the enormous challenges of managing its far-flung and costly possessions were becoming increasingly difficult to meet. For better or for worse, the Kaiserreich had become a de facto colonial power, and German society was increasingly and uncomfortably being forced to recognize the hazards and burdens of its fledgling global empire.

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Central European History , Volume 33 , Issue 3 , September 2000 , pp. 299 - 338
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Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 2000

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References

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13. This shift in colonial policy from violent forms of extraction of raw materials and exploitation of indigenous inhabitants to a more moderate course of infrastructural improvements, technological advance, and encouragement of local forms of production is part of what Koponen has called “the developmental imperative.” Although such a shift in policy led to some improvements in colonial East Africa, he argues, the goal of German developmental initiatives was ultimately a more sophisticated and efficient form of exploitation, one which provided a basic model for development after 1919 for the British and later the postindependence Tanzanian state. See Koponen, , Development, 168–77.Google Scholar

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43. Glassman, Bald, and Koponen all provide detailed information on the structural weaknesses of German colonial rule in East Africa. On the formation of the colonial state in East Africa, see esp. Koponen, , Development, 94–143.Google Scholar

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68. Dernburg to Voith, BHA R 1001 RKA 120, 10–17.

69. As they had done during the scandal-plagued years of the 1890s, German newspapers played an essential role in increasing the general level of awareness of the affairs in the colonies after the massive uprisings in East and Southwest Africa. Telegraphed reports of Dernburg's journey were printed several times a week in many newspapers, and longer accounts, printed approximately every two to three weeks, often appeared on the front page in the Berliner Morgenpost, Tägliche Rundschau, Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, Kölnische Zeitung, Leipziger Neueste Nachrichten, and Generalanzeiger Düsseldorf und Elberfeld. The reports of Zimmermann, who worked for the Wolff Telegraph Bureau, were published in a variety of newspapers, including the Hamburger Nachrichten and the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung. To my knowledge, there exist no recent studies of the role of the media as a popularizer of empire in Germany comparable to John MacKenzie's groundbreaking work for the British Empire. See MacKenzie, , Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880–1960 (Manchester, 1984)Google Scholaridem, , Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, 1993).Google Scholar

70. On the role of the colonial traveler as narrator, see Pratt, , Imperial Eyes, chap. 5.Google Scholar

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75. Koponen, , Development, 277–81.Google Scholar

76. Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Bd. 231, 125. Sitzung, 18 March 1908, 4069–71.

77. Zimmermann, , Mit Dernburg, 89.Google Scholar

78. Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Bd. 235, 125. Sitzung, 18 March 1908, 4033. See also ibid., Bd. 231, 126. Sitzung, 19 March 1908, 4116–18; ibid., Bd. 235, 215. Sitzung, 27 February 1909, 7210, and Markmiller, , Erziehung, 57–88Google Scholar; Koponen, , Development, 321–440.Google Scholar

79. Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Bd. 235, 214. Sitzung, 26 February 1909, 7176.

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82. Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Bd. 235, 214. Sitzung, 26 Februrary 1909, 7172.

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88. Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Bd. 231, 124. Sitzung, 4027–30. Additional details can be found in Schiefel, , Dernburg, 92–99Google Scholar; Koponen, , Development, 297–314.Google Scholar

89. Otto, Jöhlinger, “Dernburg im Lichte der Presse,” Koloniale Rundschau: Monatsheft für die Interessen unserer Schutzgebiete und ihrer Bewohner 1 (1910): 444–53Google Scholar. The Koloniale Rundschau was one of the few colonial journals to support Dernburg on a regular basis. The Deutsche Kolonialzeitung's stance was more ambiguous, publishing articles in support of and against Dernburg with relative frequency. One of the most extreme cases in which a former supporter of Dernburg became his bitter enemy after the Studienreise is Maximilian Harden's. Compare his early, flowing praise of Dernburg in Die Zukunft 56, 57, and 58 (see n. 19) with his harsh, sarcastic assessment of Dernburg's Studienreise, ibid., 62 (1908): 410–14. Among the few pamphlets in support of Dernburg's reforms published anonymously, perhaps an indication of the personal dangers of allying too closely with Dernburg: Africanus, Minor, Dernburg's Programm: Ein Wendepunkt im Schicksal Deutsch-Ostafrikas oder ein Negerland unter deutscher Flagge? (Berlin, 1908).Google Scholar

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93. Iiffe, , Tanganyika under German Rule, 47Google Scholar. According to Spellmeyer's calculations (Spellmeyer, , Deutsche Kolonialpolitik, 111Google Scholar ) 26 Reichstag delegates had visited one or more of the German colonies by December 1908. Paasche had been to East Africa in the summer of 1908, Liebert was governor of the colony from 1896–1906, and Arendt had served there as medical surgeon.

94. Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Bd. 231,124. Sitzung, 17 March 1908. 4042–43; ibid., 125. Sitzung, 18 March 1908, 4071–72, ibid., 127. Sitzung, 20 March 1908, 4143.

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