Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T20:50:48.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Holding “China Inc.” Together: The CCP and The Rise of China's Yangqi

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2016

Chen Li
Chen Li*
Affiliation:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Email: lichen@cuhk.edu.hk.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article investigates the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the rise of China's centrally controlled businesses (yangqi 央企), a batch of large business groups and financial institutions controlled by China's central party-state. It starts by comparing two competing policy approaches to defining the relations between the Party and state enterprise sector: the separation approach versus the adaptation approach. It then examines how the Party's “pro-big business” policies have shaped China's large enterprise reform since the 1960s and led to the formation of the yangqi. It also describes the key mechanisms used by the CCP to control the yangqi, including its personnel management system and disciplinary force. It further identifies and summarizes three key modes of the Party's intervention in the rise of the yangqi: institutional and policy entrepreneurship; leveraged personnel control; and residual mobilization capacity. The article concludes by discussing the future prospects for reforming the relations between the Party and big business in China.

摘要

中国的中央企业 (央企) 是一组由中国中央政府控股的大型工业企业集团与金融机构。它们的形成和演变是中国政治经济体制改革以及产业发展的核心问题之一。本文探讨党组织在中央企业崛起过程中的角色与作用机制。从对比关于中国党企关系改革的不同理念与政策路线出发, 本文回顾中共中央自 1960 年代以来扶植大型企业发展的重要政策演进, 并分析党组织直接治理中央企业的关键控制机制, 包括干部人事管理与纪律检察。本文将党组织在扶植和调控央企方面的作用概括为三个主要模式: 1) 制度与政策创业; 2) 杠杆式人事控制; 3) 剩余动员能力, 并尝试从这个视角探讨中国未来党企关系改革的前景。

Keywords

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)enterprise reformChinese business groupsyangqicadre personnel managementanti-corruption中国共产党企业改革企业集团央企干部人事管理反腐败工作
Type
Articles
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 228 , December 2016 , pp. 927 - 949
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aslund, Anders. 1989. Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Blanchard, Oliver, Dornbusch, Rudiger, Krugman, Paul, Layard, Richard and Summers, Lawrence. 1991. Reform in Eastern Europe. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik. 2012. “Politics and business group formation in China: the Party in control?” The China Quarterly 211, 624–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, Chris. 2005. “China's ‘nanny’ overhauls state enterprises,” The New York Times, 1 June, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/31/business/worldbusiness/31iht-sasac.html. Accessed 12 May 2008.Google Scholar
Burns, John. 1994. “Strengthening central CCP control of leadership selection: the 1990 nomenklatura .” The China Quarterly 138, 458–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, Hon S. 2004. “Cadre personnel management in China: the nomenklatura system, 1990–1998.” The China Quarterly 179, 703–734.Google Scholar
Chen, Jinhua. 2005. Guoshi yishu (Memories of National Affairs). Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Feng, Fei. 2008. Maixiang gongye daguo: 30 nian gongye gaige yu fazhan huigu (Towards a Great Industrial Nation: A Review of the Thirty Years of Industrial Reform and Development). Beijing: China Development Publications.Google Scholar
Guest, Paul, and Sutherland, Dylan. 2010. “The impact of business group affiliation on performance: evidence from China's ‘national champions’.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 34(4), 617–631.Google Scholar
Guo, Xuezhi. 2014. “Controlling corruption in the Party: China's Central Discipline Inspection Commission.” The China Quarterly 219, 597–624.Google Scholar
Heilmann, Sebastian. 2008a. “From local experiments to national policy: the origins of China's distinctive policy process.” The China Journal 59, 1–30.Google Scholar
Heilmann, Sebastian. 2008b. “Policy experimentation in China's economic rise.” Studies in Comparative International Development 43(1), 1–26.Google Scholar
Khanna, Tarun, and Yafeh, Yishay. 2007. “Business groups in emerging markets: paragons or parasites?” Journal of Economic Literature 45(2), 331–372.Google Scholar
Li, Chen. 2015. China's Centralized Industrial Order: Industrial Reform and the Rise of Centrally Controlled Big Business. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Li, Yuanchao. 2009. “Ba dangde zhengzhi youshi zhuanhua wei qiye kexue fazhan youshi” (Turning the Party's political advantage into the enterprises’ advantage of scientific development), Xinhuanet, 3 September, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2009-09/03/content_11988760.htm. Accessed 17 November 2011.Google Scholar
Lin, Nan. 2011. “Capitalism in China: a Centrally Managed Capitalism (CMC) and its future.” Management and Organization Review 7(1), 63–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipton, David, and Sachs, Jeffrey. 1990. “Creating a market economy in Eastern Europe: the case of Poland.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1, 75–147.Google Scholar
Liu, Shaoqi. 1963. “Zuzhi zhuanye gongsi, jianshao xingzheng ganyu” (Organize specialized corporations, reduce administrative interference), People.cn, 24 October, http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/73583/73601/74120/5039374.html. Accessed 6 May 2010.Google Scholar
Liu, Shaoqi. 1965. “Shiban tuolasi” (Experimenting with building tuolasi), People.cn, 1 June, http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/73583/73601/73624/5069308.html. Accessed 6 May 2010.Google Scholar
Murrell, Peter. 1993. “What is shock therapy? What did it do in Poland and Russia?” Post-Soviet Affairs 9(2), 111–140.Google Scholar
Murrell, Peter. 2006. “Institutions and transition,” http://econweb.umd.edu/~murrell/articles/Institutions%20and%20Transition%20for%20New%20Palgrave.pdf. Accessed 19 September 2012.Google Scholar
Naughton, Barry. 2005. “SASAC rising.” China Leadership Monitor 14, 7, http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm14_bn.pdf. Accessed 12 October 2009.Google Scholar
Nolan, Peter. 1995. China's Rise, Russia's Fall: Politics, Economics and Planning in the Transition from Stalinism. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Nolan, Peter. 2001. China and the Global Economy: National Champions, Industrial Policy and the Big Business Revolution. London: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolan, Peter. 2008. “Reflections on 4th June 1989.” In Peter Nolan, Integrating China: Towards the Coordinated Market Economy. London: Anthem.Google Scholar
Nolan, Peter, and Wang, Xiaoqiang. 1999. “Beyond privatization: institutional innovation and growth in China's large state-owned enterprises.” World Development 27(1), 169–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PBOC (People's Bank of China). 2015. Zhongguo jinrong wending baogao 2015 (China Financial Stability Report 2015). Beijing: Zhongguo jinrong chubanshe.Google Scholar
Perry, Elizabeth J. 2011. “From mass campaigns to managed campaigns: ‘constructing a new socialist countryside’.” In Heilmann, Sebastian and Perry, Elizabeth J. (eds.), Mao's Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 30–61.Google Scholar
Sachs, Jeffrey. 1991. “Poland's big bang: a first report card.” The International Economy 5(1), 40–43.Google Scholar
SASAC (State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission). 2004; 2014. Zhongguo guoyou zichan jiandu guanli nianjian (China State-asset Supervision and Administration Yearbook). Beijing: Zhongguo jingji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Dylan. 2003. China's Large Enterprises and the Challenge of Late Industrialization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bank, World. 2012. China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious and Creative High-income Society. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Zhang, Zhijian. 1994. Dangdai Zhongguo de renshi guanli (The Personnel Management of Contemporary China). Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhao, Ziyang. 1987. “Guanyu dang zheng fenkai” (On separating the Party from government), Xinhuanet, 14 October, http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-02/05/content_2550447.htm. Accessed 28 January 2010.Google Scholar
Zheng, Yongnian. 2010. The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor: Culture, Reproduction and Transformation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar