Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
Few men in modern Dutch history have played such a significant role as Abraham Kuyper. A theologian of European renown, a church reformer whose activities lastingly changed the existing church order in his country, a statesman who during five decades of an active political career combined his religion with a unique theory of government, and last but not least, a journalist and outstanding man of letters, Kuyper, during the course of his long life, placed a stamp upon the civilization of the Netherlands which it never was to lose. The immense breadth of his intellect, sustained by a tremendous energy, allowed him to speak with authority on subjects ranging from Calvin's concept of grace, through Islamic architecture, to the future of colonial reform, and earned him the epithet of Abraham de Geweldige (Abraham the Magnificent). His greatest achievement, however, was the foundation of a system of religious dogma upon which he erected a political and social philosophy which in the Protestant Netherlands since 1850 was the only one of lasting influence.1
1 Roessingh, K. H., Het Modernisme in Nederland (Haarlem, 1922), 98.Google Scholar
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5 Handelingen der Staten-Generaal, Zitting van 14 Juli, 1902, Eerste Kamer.
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27 Notably the relation between Paul and the communities in Acts, 11, 15, makes Kuyper's position invalid. Cf. Vos, G. J., Het Keerpunt in de Jongste Geschiedenis van Kerk en Staat (Dordrecht, 1887), 62–6.Google Scholar
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29 Algemeen Handelsblad, January 8, 1886, quoted in Kasteel, P., Abraham Kuyper (Kampen, 1938), 47.Google Scholar
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40 Notably the following: Antirevolutionnaire Staatkunde (Kampen, 1916)Google Scholar; Souvereiniteit in eigen Kring (Amsterdam, 1880)Google Scholar; and Christelijke Politiek (Kampen, 1904)Google Scholar.
41 Kuyper, A., Ons Program, 3–6;Google ScholarNiet de Vrijheitsboom Maarhet Kruis (Amsterdam, 1897), 12 ff.Google Scholar; and his Antirevolutionnaire Staatkunde, I, passim.
42 “The roots of our liberties are to be found in the fundamental Calvinistic principle of the absolute sovereignty of God. With this stands convicted in the first place the concept of popular sovereignty as held by Grotius and Mirabean. But condemned also is the concept of “droil Divin” of the followers of Stuart, of the French Legitimists and of the Prussian Junkers.” Cf. Kuyper, A., Het Calvinisme, Oorsprong en Waarborg Onzer Constitutionele Vrijheden (Amsterdam, 1874), 51–53.Google Scholar
43 Kuyper, A., Der Calvinismus und die Protestantische Staatsidce (Leipzig, 1919), 61.Google Scholar As Vogel has noted, Kuyper relied on Bancroft to substantiate this concept in American History. Cf. Bancroft, , History of the United States, I, 464;Google ScholarVogel, L., Die politischen Ideen Abraham Kuypers und seine Entwicklung als Staatsmann, 40.Google Scholar
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47 Kuyper, A., Parlementaire Redevoeringen, I, 563–565,Google Scholar and by the same author Het Calvinisme (Amsterdam, 1899), passimGoogle Scholar. Vogel's contention that the family is the basis of Kuyper's political theory has been repudiated by Kuyper, H. H. in De Heraut 01 9, 1938Google Scholar (no. 3129), and by Kasteel, P., Abraham Kuyper, 79.Google Scholar In view of Kuyper's suffrage extension program in later years, Vogel's point of view seems to have considerable foundation, however. Cf. Vogel, L., Die politischen Ideen Abraham Kuypers and seine Entwicklung als Staatsmann, 29.Google Scholar
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58 Chiefly from Protestant teachers' organizations, notably the Vereeniging voor Gereformeerd Schoolonderwijs, founded in 1865 with chapters throughout the nation. Cf. de Wilde, H., De Antirevolutionnaire Partij en Haar Programs van Beginselen, 207 ff.Google Scholar
59 Notably in the issues of the Heraut of 1871, and Ons Program, 5–7.
60 Cf. Feikema, R. E., De Totstandkoming van de Schoolwet van Kappeyne (Amsterdam, 1929)Google Scholar, Chap. II-III, passim; and van der Mandele, K. E., Het Liberalisme in Nederland (Amsterdam, 1937), 184–189.Google Scholar
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66 Kuyper once poked fun at Lohman's aristocratic followers by calling the Christian Historical Party the “party of those with double names.”
67 de Beaufort, J. A., Vijftig Jaren uit Onze Geschiedenis (Amsterdam, 1928), I, 284.Google Scholar
68 Ibid., II, 61.
69 For Kuyper's last years, cf. H. H., and Kuyper, J. H., De Levensavond Van Dr. A. Kyper (Kampen, 1921)Google Scholar, a sympathetic if uncritical treatment by Kuyper's daughters. Also Diepenhorst, P. A., Dr. A. Kuyper (Haarlem, 1931), 55 ff.Google Scholar