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Carolingian Religion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2015

Thomas F. X. Noble
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Abstract

The Carolingian period, roughly the eighth and ninth centuries, was dynamic and decisive in European religious history. The ruling dynasty and the clerical elite promoted wave after wave of reform that I call “unifying,” “specifying,” and “sanctifying.” This presidential address argues that religion was the key unifying and universalizing force in the Carolingian world; that the Carolingians were obsessed with doing things the right way—usually the Roman way; and that the Carolingians sought to inculcate Christian behavior more than religious knowledge. The address concludes by arguing that the Carolingians put a markedly European stamp on Christianity and that they Romanized Christianity well before the papacy attempted to do so.

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Articles
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Church History , Volume 84 , Issue 2 , June 2015 , pp. 287 - 307
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Copyright © American Society of Church History 2015 

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References

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49 Epistola de litteris colendis, MGH, Capitularia regum Francorum, no. 29, p. 79. The key study of the letter is Martin, Thomas, “Bemerkungen zur ‘Epistola de litteris colendis,’” Archiv für Diplomatik 51 (1985): 227–272.Google Scholar

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64 Admonitio Generalis, 16, Capitularia regum Francorum, no. 22, ed. Boretius, p. 55.

65 Synodus Franconofurtensis, c. 42, Capitularia regum Francorum, no. 28, ed. Boretius, p. 77.

66 Admonitio Generalis, c. 78, Capitularia regum Francorum, no. 22, ed. Boretius, 60.

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69 For example, Theodulf, Erstes Kapitular, c. 22, Capitula episcoporum, vol. 1, p. 119.

70 Karoli Magni ad Ghaerbaldum episcopum leodiensem epistola et Ghaerbaldi ad dioceseos suae presbyteros epistola, Capitularia regum Francorum, no. 122, ed. Boretius, 241–242. See also Nelson, “Religion in the Age of Charlemagne,” 491–492.

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73 Admonitio Generalis, 82, Capitularia regum Francorum, no. 22, p. 61. This fairly basic articulation of the faith is repeated in essentials in Concilium Arelatense (813), c. 1, Concilia Aevi Karolini, ed. Werminghoff, vol. 1, 249–250.

74 Ratio de cathecizandis rudibus, ed. Heer, Joseph Michael, Ein karolingischer Missions-Katechismus, Biblische und patristische Forschungen 1 (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1911), 77–88.Google Scholar

75 Synodus Franconofurtensis (794), c. 52, Capitularia regum Francorum, ed. Boretius, no. 28, p. 78; Concilium Turonense (813), c. 17, MGH, Concilia Aevi Karolini, ed. Werminghoff, vol. 1, p. 288; Council of Mainz (847), c. 2, MGH, Concilia Aevi Karolini, ed. Hartmann, vol. 3, p. 164.

76 The material is effectively surveyed by Edwards, “German Vernacular Literature,” 141–160, with further references.

77 Wright, Roger, Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France (Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1982)Google Scholar. Technicalities proved controversial and Wright edited a collection to address some of them from various angles: Latin and the Romance Languages in the Early Middle Ages (New York: Routledge, 1982)Google Scholar.

78 Precum libelli quattuor aevi karolini, ed. Wilmart, André (Rome: Ephemerides Liturgicae, 1940)Google Scholar. I discuss these in “Secular Sanctity,” 28–30. See also Phelan, The Formation of Christian Europe, 249–252.

79 Precum libelli, 13.

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81 Ganshof, François Louis, Frankish Institutions under Charlemagne, trans. Bryce and Lyon, Mary (New York, 1968), 27–34Google Scholar; Ganshof, Recherches sur les capitulaires (Paris: Sirey, 1958), 55–65.Google Scholar

82 Nelson, “Religion in the Age of Charlemagne,” 496–497.

83 Noble, Images, Iconoclasm, and the Carolingians, 338–340.

84 Capitularia, nos. 23, c. 18, 25, cc. 1–2, 33, c. 2, ed. Boretius, 63, 66, 92.

85 The best assessments are Chélini, Jean, L'aube du moyen age: Naissance de la Chrétienté occidentale (Paris: Picard, 1991)Google Scholar and Julia M. H. Smith, “Religion and Lay Society,” in McKitterick, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2, pp. 654–678.

86 Legislation required both, e.g.: Duplex legationis edictum, c. 25, MGH, Capitularia regum Francorum, ed. Boretius, p. 64; Concilium Cabillonense (813), c. 47, MGH, Concilia Aevi Karolini, ed. Werminghoff, vol. 1, p. 283.

87 Admonitio Generalis, c. 81, MGH, Capitularia regum Francorum, ed. Boretius, no. 22, p. 61; Concilium Arelatense, cc. 10, 16, Concilium Moguntinense, c. 37, Concilium Remense, c. 35, Concilium Turonense, c. 40, MGH, Concilia Aevi Karolini, ed. Werminghoff, vol. 1, pp. 251–252, 270, 256, 292.

88 Chélini, L'aube du moyen age, 133–237.

89 Albert, Bat-Sheva, Le pèlerinage à l'époque carolingienne (Brussels: Nauwelaerts, 1999).Google Scholar

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91 Smith, “Religion and Lay Society,” 668.

92 John J. Contreni, “Masters and Medicine in Northern France in the Reign of Charles the Bald,” in Charles the Bald, 33–50.

93 Ristuccia, “The Transmission of Christendom,” 396–414.

94 L'aube du moyen age, 496.

95 “Religion in the Age of Charlemagne,” 506. Mayr-Harting's “Charlemagne's Religion” aligns with Nelson.

96 The fundamental work remains Arquillière, Henri-Xavier, L'augustinisme politique, 2nd ed. (Paris: J. Vrin, 1955).Google Scholar

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