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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 March 2022
As a revivalist who appeared to have initiated a world-wide awakening of Christianity and was also an early leader of the fundamentalist movement, Reuben A. Torrey is generally regarded as a major figure in the early twentieth-century history of evangelicalism. By tracing its origins and results, this article attributes Torrey's rise to prominence in the global evangelical movement to the evangelistic campaign he conducted in Australia in 1902. Setting this episode in the context of the history of international revivalism, it identifies Torrey as the first global revivalist in influence as well as geographical range. In place of the traditional providential interpretation, the analysis proposes the alignment of the revivalist theology, methods, and achievement exhibited in the Australian campaign with the hopes and expectations of the preexisting conservative evangelical subculture as a “functionalist” explanation of Torrey's impact. As the reason for Torrey's transformed standing in the evangelical movement in America and the wider world, the 1902 Australian campaign also emerges as a revealing case study of the dynamics of global evangelicalism and the function of international revivalism at the beginning of the twentieth century.
I would like to thank Robert Evans, Darrell Paproth, Amber Thomas, and Andrew Tooley for assistance in collecting the source materials on which this paper is based.
1 The standard accounts of Torrey's life are Martin, Roger, R. A. Torrey: Apostle of Certainty (Murfreesboro, Tenn.: Sword of the Lord Publishers, 1976)Google Scholar; and Kermit Staggers, “Reuben A. Torrey: American Fundamentalist, 1856–1928” (PhD thesis, Claremont Graduate School, 1986).
2 Martin, Torrey, chap. 15; and Staggers, “Reuben A. Torrey,” 130–139. See also Evans, Robert, Evangelism and Revivals in Australia 1880–1914 (Hazelbrook, NSW: Research in Evangelical Revivals, 2005)Google Scholar, chap. 16; Paproth, Darrell, “Revivalism in Melbourne from Federation to World War I: The Torrey-Alexander-Chapman Campaigns,” in Reviving Australia: Essays on the History and Experience of Revival and Revivalism in Australian Christianity, ed. Hutchinson, Mark, Campion, Edmund, and Piggin, Stuart (Sydney, NSW: Centre for the Study of Australian Christianity, 1994), 143–169Google Scholar; and Piggin, Stuart and Linder, Robert D., The Fountain of Public Prosperity: Evangelical Christians in Australian History, 1740–1914 (Clayton, Vic.: Monash University Publishing, 2018), 525–532Google Scholar.
3 Week by week coverage from beginning to end is provided in Southern Cross (hereafter cited as SC), the Melbourne based weekly newspaper produced and edited by the renowned Methodist publicist, W. H. Fitchett, author of the best-selling Deeds That Won the Empire (1897), on whom see Linder, Robert D., “William H. Fitchett (1848–1928): Forgotten Methodist ‘Tall Poppy,’” in Making History for God: Essays on Evangelicalism, Revival and Mission in Honour of Stuart Piggin, ed. Treloar, Geoffrey R. and Linder, Robert D. (Sydney, NSW: Robert Menzies College, 2004), 197–238Google Scholar. The other main sources are the published souvenirs: The City Was Moved: The Torrey Alexander Mission in Sydney, August 5th-22nd, 1902 (Sydney, NSW: The “Christian World” Printing and Publishing House, 1902); and The Torrey-Alexander Souvenir: A Complete Record of their Work in Australia; A Special Number of the “Southern Cross,” 10 September 1902 (Melbourne, Vic.: T. Shaw Fichett, 1902) (cited hereafter as CWM and TAS respectively). The continuous narrative in David Williamson, ed., A Great Revival: The Story of Dr. R. A. Torrey and Chas. Alexander (London: Morgan and Scott, 1903) is a compilation from these sources. Torrey's reports on the mission are published in the Institute Tie (Chicago, Ill.: Moody Bible Institute, 1902–1903) (cited hereafter as IT), the journal of MBI. The diary of Clara Torrey held in the Archives of the Billy Graham Center at Wheaton College, Illinois (Ephemera of Reuben Archer Torrey – Collection 107), provides the private background to the public face of the mission.
4 For the recent scholarly interest in Torrey, see Gloege, Timothy, “A Gilded Age Modernist: Reuben A. Torrey and the Roots of Contemporary Conservative Evangelicalism,” in American Evangelicalism: George Marsden and the State of American Religious History, ed. Dochuk, Darren, Kidd, Thomas S., and Peterson, Kurt W. (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame, 2014), 199–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Gloege, Timothy, Guaranteed Pure: The Moody Bible Institute, Business, and the Making of Modern Evangelicalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
5 The importance of which has been emphasized in recent scholarship. See Bebbington, David, Victorian Religious Revivals: Culture and Piety in Local and Global Contexts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hutchinson, Mark and Wolffe, John, A Short History of Global Evangelicalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and the five volumes in the Inter-Varsity History of Evangelicalism series by Mark Noll (2004), John Wolffe (2006), David Bebbington (2005), Geoffrey Treloar (2016), and Brian Stanley (2013) detailed in the notes below.
6 Torrey's place amid the pluralism of early twentieth century evangelicalism is adumbrated in Treloar, Geoffrey R., The Disruption of Evangelicalism: The Age of Torrey, Mott, McPherson and Hammond (London: Inter-Varsity Press, 2016)Google Scholar.
7 Frank Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity”: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994); and Mark Noll, The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys (Leicester: Apollos, 2004), 79–81, 96–101, 123, 143, 152.
8 David Bundy, “Transatlantic Dimension of North American Revivals,” in Encyclopedia of Religious Revivals in America, ed. Michael McClymond (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007), 1:444–448.
9 John Wolffe, The Expansion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Wilberforce, More, Chalmers and Finney (Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press, 2006).
10 Wolffe, Expansion of Evangelicalism, chap. 3; and Richard Carwardine, Transatlantic Revivalism: Popular Evangelicalism in Britain and America, 1790–1865 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1978).
11 Hutchinson and Wolffe, Short History of Global Evangelicalism, chap. 4.
12 Janet Holmes, Religious Revivals in Britain and Ireland, 1859–1905 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2000), xviii–xix, 168–173.
13 James Belich, Replenishing the Earth: The Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), introduction and chap. 5, with quotations on 21 and 164.
14 David Bebbington, “Global Evangelicalism in the Nineteenth Century,” in his The Evangelical Quadrilateral, vol. 1, Characterizing the British Gospel Movement (Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press, 2021), 133–152.
15 Ian Tyrrell, Reforming the World: The Creation of America's Moral Empire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010), chap. 1.
16 William Taylor, William Taylor of California: Bishop of Africa; An Autobiography (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1897); and Jay R. Case, An Unpredictable Gospel: American Evangelicals and World Christianity, 1812–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), chaps. 4–5.
17 Taylor, William Taylor of California, 159 for the quotation.
18 David Bebbington, “Moody as a Transatlantic Evangelical,” in Bebbington, The Evangelical Quadrilateral, 1:115–132.
19 “Modern revivalism” denotes not only its place in the chronology of revivalism but a distinctive type in its practice. Bebbington, Victorian Religious Revivals, chap. 1, esp. 11–15.
20 For Moody's place in the contemporary evangelical movement, see David W. Bebbington, The Dominance of Evangelicalism: The Age of Spurgeon and Moody (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2005).
21 Geoffrey M. Troughton, “Moody and Sankey Down Under: A Case Study in ‘Trans-Atlantic’ Revivalism in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand,” Journal of Religious History 29, no. 2 (June 2005): 145–162.
22 Hutchinson and Wolffe, Short History of Global Evangelicalism, chap. 4.
23 Hutchinson and Wolffe, Short History of Global Evangelicalism, 115–116, for the terms “corporate activism” and “individual activism”.
24 C. W. Mackintosh, Dr. Harry Guinness: The Life Story of Henry Grattan Guinness (London: Regions Beyond Missionary Union, 1916), 93. The work of these evangelists is extensively documented in Elizabeth Wilson, “‘Wandering Stars’: The Impact of British Evangelists in Australia 1870s–1900” (PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, 2011).
25 Robert Evans, Emilia Baeyertz: Evangelist (Hazelbrook, NSW: Research in Revivals, 2007).
26 George Smith, A Modern Apostle: Alexander N. Somerville, D.D., 1813–1889 [. . .] (London: John Murray, 1890), 153, 162, 163, 164, 166. See, more generally, chaps. 7–8.
27 Gipsy Smith, Gipsy Smith: His Life and Work By Himself (London: National Free Church Council, [1901]), chap. 22.
28 Tyrrell, Reforming the World, esp. chap. 4.
29 William Warren, “The Genesis of the Australian Revival,” Missionary Review of the World 26, n.s., 16, no. 3 (March 1903): 200–203, esp. 202 (cited hereafter as MRW).
30 For Torrey's recollection of these events, Reuben A. Torrey, How Dr. Torrey Became an Evangelist (Los Angeles, Calif.: Bible House of Los Angeles, 1908).
31 Samuel Pearce Carey, “The Conspiracy of Circumstances,” in William Edgar Geil, Ocean and Isle (Melbourne, Vic.: W. T. Pater, 1902), 257. See also 245–248.
32 Will Renshaw, Marvellous Melbourne and Its Spiritual Power: A Christian Revival and Its Lasting Legacy (Moreland, Vic.: Acorn Press, 2014), esp. chap. 5, is a striking example of the durability of the providentialist interpretation. Having personally known many of the characters involved in the 1902 mission, Renshaw is an important link in the chain of evidence.
33 Robert Evans and Darrell Paproth, The Evangelisation Society of Australasia: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1883–1918 (Hazelbrook, NSW: Research in Evangelical Revivals, 2010).
34 For which, see Michael Hamilton, “The Interdenominational Evangelicalism of D. L. Moody,” in Dochuk, Kidd, and Peterson, American Evangelicalism, 234–236, 258–260.
35 Torrey's writings in this period include: How to Bring Men to Christ (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1893); The Baptism With the Holy Spirit (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1895); How to Promote and Conduct a Successful Revival (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1898); and How to Work for Christ: A Compendium of Successful Methods (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1901).
36 Torrey writings at this time also included Ten Reasons Why I Believe the Bible is the Word of God (New York: Fleming H. Revell, [1898]); What the Bible Teaches: A Thorough and Comprehensive Study of All the Bible Has to Say Concerning the Great Doctrines of Which It Treats (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1898); and The Divine Origin of the Bible: Its Authority and Power Demonstrated and Difficulties Solved (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1899). For Torrey's education, especially in Germany, see Gloege, “A Gilded Age Modernist,” 205–211.
37 George T. B. Davis, Torrey and Alexander: The Story of a World-Wide Revival (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1905), 10–13. While not always accurate factually, Davis's account is valuable as that of a direct observer who was personally acquainted with the protagonists, whom he interviewed extensively.
38 This outlook is vividly portrayed in Dana L. Robert, Occupy Until I Come: A. T. Pierson and the Evangelization of the World (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2003).
39 Reuben A. Torrey, Lessons from the Life and Death of D. L. Moody (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900); and “D.L. Moody: His Life Lessons,” TAS, 87–94.
40 SC, 20 December 1901, 1410; “Tour by Rev. R. A. Torrey,” The Christian, 16 January 1902, 18 (cited hereafter as C); and Charles Inglis, “News from Chicago,” C, 30 January 1902, 20.
41 TAS, 8, 26.
42 Gloege, Guaranteed Pure, 80–81, 102–103, 107–113, 122–124; and Gloege, “A Gilded Age Modernist,” 216–218.
43 Daniel B. Towner, “Music in a Revival,” in Torrey, How to Promote and Conduct a Successful Revival, 191–197. For Alexander's life, see Helen C. Alexander and John Kennedy Maclean, Charles M. Alexander: A Romance of Song and Soul-Winning (London: Marshall Brothers, [1920]).
44 John J. Virgo, Fifty Years Fishing for Men (London: Pilgrim Press, 1939), 66–67; and Alexander and Maclean, Charles M. Alexander, 49–50.
45 “The Week,” SC, 18 April 1902, 423; and “The Week,” SC, 25 April 1902, 455. For Alexander's contribution to the mission, see further below.
46 SC, 20 December 1901, 1410.
47 Presented recently in Torrey, How to Promote and Conduct a Successful Revival.
48 For “moral reformers,” see Tyrrell, Reforming the World, 2–5.
49 In “A Voice From Australia,” Elinor Stafford Millar recalls, “we were glad to follow.” IT (1906–1907): 192–193.
50 Gloege, Guaranteed Pure, chaps. 1–2.
51 For the cultural context, see T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
52 MRW 15, n.s., 25, no. 1 (January 1920): 61; and Martin, Torrey, 134–135.
53 Arthur P. Fitt, “Supt. R. A. Torrey's Trip Around the World with Special Reference to the Melbourne Simultaneous Mission: A Report to the Board of Trustees,” Bulletin of the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago, no. 1 (August 1902): 1–2.
54 For the debate within the contemporary missionary movement, see William R. Hutchison, The Modernist Impulse in American Protestantism (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992), chaps. 4–5, esp. 132–144, 147–155.
55 Torrey's standard revivalist sermons are outlined in How to Promote and Conduct a Successful Revival, 291–303.
56 For Torrey's reflections of the meetings in Asia, see “An Immense Mass Meeting,” SC, 23 May 1902, 631–632; SC, 6 June 1902, 687; SC, 13 June 1902, 747; and “A Record of the Torrey-Alexander Tour Round the World and the Convention of Christian Workers in Chicago,” June 1903,” Showers of Blessing, no. 1 (27 June 1903): 5–6.
57 Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities (London: Penguin Books, 1990), chap. 7; and Belich, Replenishing the Earth, 1–2, 87–89, 95.
58 Graeme Davison, The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne (Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 1978). On p. 11, Davison attributes the moniker “marvellous Melbourne” to the London journalist George Augustus Sala in the Melbourne newspaper the Argus on August 8, 1885.
59 Quoted in Davison, Rise and Fall, 236.
60 Stuart Piggin, Evangelical Christianity in Australia: Spirit, Word and World (Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press, 1996), 49; and Jill Roe, “Challenge and Response: Religious Life in Melbourne, 1876–1886,” Journal of Religious History 5, no. 2 (December 1968): 149–166.
61 Geoffrey Blainey, The Heyday of the Churches in Victoria (Melbourne, Vic.: Uniting Church Historical Society, 1985). For the history of the evangelical movement in Melbourne, see Darrell Paproth, “The Character of Evangelism in Colonial Melbourne: Activism, Initiative, and Leadership” (PhD thesis, Macquarie University, 2012).
62 SC, 31 January 1902, 131.
63 Evans and Paproth, The Evangelisation Society of Australasia, 197–198.
64 Philip Whitwell Wilson, An Explorer of Changing Horizons: William Edgar Geil (New York: George H. Doran, 1927).
65 Carey, “Conspiracy of Circumstances,” 249. See also 246–248.
66 The Age, 2 April 1902, 12; and SC, 11 April 1902, 406–407.
67 Carey, “The Conspiracy of Circumstances,” 248.
68 E.g., Melbourne Punch, 1 May 1902, 488.
69 William R. Moody, The Life of Dwight L. Moody (London: Morgan and Scott, n.d.), chap. 36.
70 Derek J. Tidball, “‘A Work So Rich in Promise’: The 1901 Simultaneous Mission and the Failure of Co-operative Evangelism,” Vox Evangelica 14 (1984): 85–103.
71 Australian Christian World, 22 November 1901, 1, 11; Australian Christian World, 29 November 1901, 11; Australian Christian World, 6 December 1901, 5; SC, 20 December 1901, 1410; and Victorian Churchman, 10 January 1902, 1.
72 SC, 28 March 1902, 339.
73 TAS, 9. Cf. How to Promote and Conduct a Successful Revival, 11–31.
74 “All Things Are Ready,” SC, 11 April 1902, 405; and TAS, 8.
75 SC, 2 May 1902, 503–504; and 9 May 1902, 539–540.
76 “How the Movement is Spreading,” SC, 16 May 1902, 580.
77 SC, 18 July 1902, 868. For the wider context and possibility of a national awakening, see Piggin and Linder, The Fountain of Public Prosperity, 529–531.
78 TAS, 17–23. These sermons were published soon after the mission as Reuben A. Torrey, Revival Addresses (London: James Nisbet, 1903); and Reuben A. Torrey, Real Salvation and Whole-Hearted Service (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1905). For the background, see Jonathan M. Butler, Softly and Tenderly Jesus is Calling: Heaven and Hell in American Revivalism, 1870–1920 (New York: Carlson Publishing, 1991).
79 Reported in “The Meeting of Converts,” SC, 20 May 1902, 655, and published subsequently as Reuben A. Torrey, How to Make a Success of the Christian Life (Sydney: Christian Press, n.d.).
80 SC, 30 May 1902, 659–61; and SC, 27 June 1902, 795–796. TAS, 28, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 45, 45–46, 47.
81 TAS, 11–13; and Torrey, Ten Reasons Why I Believe the Bible is the Word of God. For the context and impact of higher criticism, see Bebbington, Dominance of Evangelicalism, chap. 5.
82 TAS, 13–17.
83 TAS, 13. For the context, see Richard Ostrander, The Life of Prayer in a World of Science: Protestants, Prayer and American Culture 1870–1930 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
84 Reported most fully in CWM, Special Issue No. 10, 20 August 1902, 4–5; and CWM, Supplement to Special Issue No. 12, 29 August 1902, 1–2, 3–5. See also TAS, 78–80.
85 For this development, see Grant Wacker, “The Holy Spirit and the Spirit of the Age in American Protestantism, 1880–1910,” in Reckoning With the Past: Historical Essays on American Evangelicalism from the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals, ed. Darryl G. Hart (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1995), 267–288; and Edith Blumhofer, “The ‘Overcoming’ Life: A Study in the Origins of Pentecostalism,” in Reckoning With the Past: Historical Essays on American Evangelicalism from the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals, ed. Darryl G. Hart (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1995), 289–300.
86 Reuben A. Torrey, Is the Present “Tongues” Movement of God? (Los Angeles, Calif.: BIOLA Bookroom, n.d.) is stridently critical of Pentecostalism, especially of the exaltation of speaking in tongues.
87 TAS, 78.
88 For example, when he took “infidelity” as his subject at the businessmen's meetings in Sydney and Melbourne. SC, 2 May 1902, 506B; and TAS, 67–70.
89 TAS, 73.
90 TAS, 70.
91 TAS, 72.
92 For which, see Mel R. Wilhoit, “Alexander the Great: Or, Just Plain Charlie,” The Hymn 46, no. 2 (April 1995): 20–28; and Joan Mansfield, “The Music of Australian Revivalism,” in Reviving Australia, ed. Hutchinson, Campion, and Piggin, 123–142.
93 SC, 23 May 1902, 623.
94 SC, 20 June 1902, 765.
95 Davis, Torrey and Alexander, 91.
96 E.g., the assessment of the results of the Ballarat mission by the Methodist, Rev. S. T. Withington in SC, 13 June 1902, 736. See also SC, 16 May 1902, 579; SC, 23 May 1902, 611; SC, 30 May 1902, 655; and SC, 6 June 1902, 686.
97 See the statistics in Paproth, “Revivalism in Melbourne,” 156–160; and Piggin and Linder, The Fountain of Public Prosperity, 530.
98 SC, 23 May 1902, 631. TAS, 3, 38.
99 SC, 13 June 1902, 728–730, 736; SC, 20 June 1902, 767; and CWM, Supplement to Special Issue No. 12, 29 August 1902, 8.
100 The evaluation of the Congregational minister of Geelong, Rev. F. Wheen. SC, 13 June 1902, 729.
101 SC, 9 May 1902, 537; SC, 23 May 1902, 631; SC, 6 June 1902, 683; CWM, Special Issue No. 1, 7 August 1902, 4; CWM, Special Issue No. 11, 21 August 1902, 2; Warren, “Genesis of the Australian Revival,” 200; Williamson, A Great Revival; and Davis, Torrey and Alexander.
102 Holmes, Religious Revivals in Britain and Ireland, 168–174.
103 TAS, 32.
104 E.g., the reports from Australia under the headline “The Australian Revival” in the British newspaper The Christian from August through November 1902.
105 TAS, 25. CWM, Special Issue No. 6, 14 August 1902, 2; and CWM, Special Issue No. 10, 20 August 1902, 2, with Supplement to No. 12, 29 August 1902, 6.
106 TAS, 26.
107 Charles Alexander, ed., Revival Songs for the Mission, the Choir, the Sunday-School and the Home: Used in the Great Melbourne Simultaneous Mission (Melbourne, Vic.: T. Shaw Fitchett, [1902]). See also TAS, 25.
108 Andrea J. Baker, “Melbourne (1835–1927): The Birth of a Music City,” Journal of Australian Studies 42, no. 1 (2018): 101–115.
109 TAS, 32; and generally, George T. B. Davis, Twice Around the World with Alexander Prince of Gospel Singers (New York: The Christian Herald, 1907).
110 The Age, 14 April 1902.
111 Millar, “A Voice From Australia,” 192–193.
112 TAS, 55.
113 The manner in which Torrey responded to correspondence and audience questions caused “a little heart-burning.” SC, 20 June 1902, 765.
114 See assessments at SC, 9 May 1902, 527; SC 13 June 1902, 729; and SC, 27 June 1902, 767.
115 “Christ's Second Coming,” SC, 4 July 1902, 830.
116 A theme of Piggin and Linder, The Fountain of Public Prosperity, esp. chaps. 8 and 19.
117 TAS, 34. See also TAS, 14: “I don't believe in pitching into Roman Catholics.”
118 “Dr. Torrey and the Unitarians,” TAS, 73; and “Professor Gosman and the Simultaneous Mission,” SC, 30 May 1902, 651.
119 This discussion of the reasons for the success of the 1902 campaign utilizes the analysis of the explanatory models of revival and revivalism in Michael McClymond, “Issues and Explanations in the Study of North American Revivalism,” in Embodying the Spirit: New Perspectives on North American Revivalism, ed. Michael McClymond (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 1–46.
120 McClymond, “Issues and Explanations,” 36–37.
121 McClymond, “Issues and Explanations,” 40.
122 McClymond, “Issues and Explanations,” 42.
123 Highlighted by Bebbington, Victorian Religious Revivals, 261–262, 274–275.
124 The campaign and its results were reported in the English The Christian; A. T. Pierson's Missionary Review of the World; the Northfield-based Record of Christian Work; and MBI's Institute Tie.
125 “The Revival in Australia,” MRW 15, n.s., 25, no. 11 (November 1902): 861.
126 The continuity with Moody and Sankey is emphasized in Maclean, Triumphant Evangelism, passim. “About Books. Dr Torrey and Mr Alexander,” C, 6 April 1905, 24.
127 Bryan D. Gilling, “Fundamentalism and Full Surrender: The Message of the 1902 R. A. Torrey Mission in New Zealand,” Lucas: An Evangelical History Review, no. 14 (December 1992): 27–42.
128 “Welcome Meeting in the Auditorium,” Showers of Blessing, No. 1, 27 June 1903, 1–7.
129 This judgment is anticipated by Davis, Torrey and Alexander, 10, 233–234; and Twice Around the World, 17.
130 Recognized also by Martin, R. A. Torrey, 197 (quoting the American fundamentalist W. B. Riley).
131 E.g., Arthur T. Pierson, “The World Wide Effusion of the Holy Spirit,” MRW 25, n.s., 15, no. 11 (November 1902): 804–805.
132 Holmes, Religious Revivals in Britain and Ireland, 173–193.
133 Maclean, Triumphant Evangelism, 1–15, esp. the speech by the prominent Baptist F. B. Meyer reported on 12–13. Williamson, A Great Revival, chap. 14.
134 An observation of the Anglican vicar of St Paul's, Onslow Square, H. W. Webb-Peploe, at the Welcome Meeting. See Maclean, Triumphant Evangelism, 11–12.
135 E.g., “Dr Torrey's Characteristics,” C, 4 February 1904, 10–11; “Mr Jowett's Impressions,” C, 25 February 1904, 19–20; and “The Torrey-Alexander Mission,” C, 30 November 1905, 22.
136 Davis, Torrey and Alexander, 133–137; Maclean, Triumphant Evangelism, 77, 81–85; William T. Stead, The Welsh Revival (Boston, Mass.: Pilgrim Press, 1905), 65–70; and George Campbell Morgan, “The Revival: Its Power and Source,” in William T. Stead, Welsh Revival, 79–86. See also Holmes, Religious Revivals in Britain and Ireland, 181–194. The connection between the Australian campaign of 1902 and the Welsh Revival is evaluated favorably in Piggin and Linder, The Fountain of Public Prosperity, 532–537.
137 Coverage of both in “The Revival” Supplement in The Christian through much of 1905.
138 C, 11 May 1905, 9; and C, 25 June 1905, 9. The ‘Revival Far and Near’ column commenced in The Christian on 23 November 1905, 23 in succession to ‘The Revival’ supplement.
139 “The Torrey-Alexander Mission,” MRW 29, n.s., 19, no. 1 (January 1906): 2. On Pierson and his standing, see Robert, Occupy Until I Come, esp. chaps. 6 and 10.
140 Treloar, Disruption of Evangelicalism, 20–22.
141 Reuben A. Torrey, “An Open Letter to the Evangelists of America,” IT (1905–1906): 155.
142 On the Canadian campaigns, see Eric R. Crouse, Revival in the City: The Impact of American Evangelists in Canada 1884–1914 (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2005), chap. 4.
143 “Dr Torrey at Cambridge,” C, 23 November 1911, 14. Marcus L. Loane, Archbishop Mowll: The Biography of Howard West Kilvinton Mowll Archbishop of Sydney and Primate of Australia (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1960), 47–50.
144 Ford C. Ottman, J. Wilbur Chapman: A Biography (New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1920); and John C. Ramsay, John Wilbur Chapman: The Man, His Methods and His Message (Boston, Mass.: Christopher Publishing House, 1962), 57–70.
145 The Official Souvenir of the Chapman-Alexander Campaigns, 1909 [and] 1913 (Melbourne, Vic.: T. Shaw Fitchett, [1913]).
146 Reports in C, 27 November 1902, 14; C, 4 December 1902, 22; and C, 18 December 1902, 13. John McLaurin, “A Revival in India,” MRW 26, n.s., 16, no. 8 (August 1903): 584–585.
147 Alice L. Giles, “The Revival in India,” IT (1906–1907): 311. Helen S. Dyer, Revival in India (London: Morgan and Scott, 1907), esp. 42–43. Hutchinson and Wolffe, Short History of Global Evangelicalism, 131–132. Piggin and Linder, The Fountain of Public Prosperity, 532–533.
148 Gary B. McGee, “‘Latter Rain’ Falling in the East: Early-Twentieth-Century Pentecostalism in India and the Debate over Speaking in Tongues,” Church History 68, no. 3 (September 1999): 648–665.
149 Giles, “Revival in India,” 277–280; Dyer, Revival in India; Bonjour Bay, “The Pyongyang Great Revival in Korea and Spirit Baptism,” Evangelical Review of Theology 31, no. 1 (January 2007): 4–16.
150 C, 5 January 1905, 25; C, 9 February 1905, 13–14. MRW 28, n.s., 18, no. 1 (January 1905): 58–59; MRW 28, n.s., 18, no. 12 (December 1905): 936; MRW 29, n.s., 19, no. 1 (January 1906): 1.
151 Reuben A. Torrey, “The Need of a Universal Revival,” IT (1906–1907): 186–188.
152 Mark Shaw, Global Awakening: How 20th-Century Revivals Triggered a Christian Revolution (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2010). For developments later in the century, see Brian Stanley, The Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Billy Graham and John Stott (Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press, 2013).
153 E.g., Reuben A. Torrey, The Power of Prayer and the Prayer of Power (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1924), 6, 25–26, 58–61, 93–94, 117–118, 138–139, 143–144, 174–175, 208–209. Martin, R. A. Torrey, chaps. 20–21; and Staggers, “Reuben A. Torrey,” chaps. 6–7.
154 Torrey was first consulted in 1908 and took up the position in 1912 following appointment in 1911. On BIOLA, see Fred Sanders, “Biola in the American Evangelical Story,” in Jonathan Edwards and the History of the Evangelical Mind: A Collection of Papers from Biola University's 2012 Summer Integration Seminar (La Mirada, Calif.: Biola University, Office of Faith and Learning, 2012), 212–234.
155 See Geoffrey R. Treloar, “The Fundamentals,” in The Oxford Handbook of Christian Fundamentalism, ed. Andrew Atherstone and David Ceri Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).