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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2013
When nineteenth-century American Presbyterian pastor James Waddel Alexander wrote the lyrics of the hymn “O Sacred Head Now Wounded,” he created what has become the most popular of numerous English translations of seventeenth-century German Lutheran pastor Paul Gerhardt's hymn “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden.” That text was, in turn, a translation of part of an anonymous thirteenth-century cycle of passion poems, one dedicated to each of Christ's wounds. From the medieval original through Gerhardt to Alexander, each subsequent translation has diminished its depictions of blood and rendered its narrator's interaction with the crucified body of Christ less passionate, dictated by the theological needs and aesthetic sensibilities of the translator's religious tradition. At the same time, both Gerhardt and Alexander included significant elements from the original that were anomalous in their own contexts. The inclusion of a medieval poem in the worship of seventeenth-century Lutherans and nineteenth-century Presbyterians may reveal an ecumenical bent on their part, albeit with clear limits. A comparison of the various versions of the hymn demonstrates the complex interrelationship between an original text and translations of it, some of which may properly be called versions of it and some of which may have become something altogether different.
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6 “Ad Pedes,” “Ad Genua,” “Ad Manus,” “Ad Latus,” “Ad Pectus,” “Ad Cor,” “Ad Faciem.” Author's translation, as in all subsequent. The version of the Latin text I have used here and throughout is that of Mabillon, D. Joannis and Migne, Jacques-Paul, eds., S. Bernardi Abbatis Primi Clarae-Vallensis Opera Omnia. Voulumen Tertium. Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Latina (Paris: Ramos, 1862), 184:1319–1324Google Scholar. Although not a critical edition, this most closely approximates the version of the text that Gerhardt translated.
Typical of this genre of liturgical literature, monks could pray a different part each day of the week. Gealy in Bucke, Companion to the Hymnal: A Handbook to the United Methodist Book of Hymns (Nashville: Abingdon, 1982), 332Google Scholar.
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8 “in tuo lavans sanguine.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1319–13120.
9 “Sanguis tuus abundanter / fusus, fluit incessanter.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1319–13120.
10 “Sanguis fluens hic per totum.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1319–1320.
11 “tot guttis decurrentibus.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
12 “rosis novis adimplete.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
13 “cruore purpuratas.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
14 “in quo latet mel dulcoris, / [ . . . . ] / ex quo scatet fons cruoris.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
15 “Odor tuus super vinum, / virus pellens serpentinum.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322. This is unsurprising, given that many medieval thinkers perceived a correlation between venom and stench, as in the case of the mythical basilisk. Rose, Carol, Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 41Google Scholar; Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Stenen John, and Wallis, Faith, Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge, 2005), 407Google Scholar.
16 “quo amore vincebaris, / quo dolore torquebaris, / cum te totum exhaurires.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
17 “qui praesto es amantibus.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
18 “o quam dulcis sapor iste! / qui te gustat, Jesu Christe, / tuo victus a dulcore, / mori posset prae amore, / te unum amans unice.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
19 “Plagas tuas rubicundas, / et fixuras tam profundas, / cordi meo fac inscribi.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1319–1320.
20 “amatori.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
21 “In hac cruce te cruentum, / [ . . . ] / ut requiram, me impelle.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
22 “Per medullam cordis mei, / peccatoris atque rei, / tuus amor transferatur, / quo cor totum rapiatur / languens amoris vulnere.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
23 “cruentatum,” “conquassatum, vulneratum,” “sputis illita.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
24 Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
25 “attritus aegra macie.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
26 “Omnis vigor atque viror.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
27 Dronke, Peter, The Medieval Poet and His World (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1984), 83–85Google Scholar.
28 Becker et al., Geistliches Wunderhorn, 283.
29 “cujus sumpsi mel ex ore, / haustum lactis cum dulcore, / prae omnibus deliciis.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
30 “tuum caput hic inclina, / in meis pausa brachiis.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
31 “Tuae sanctae passion / me gauderem interponi, / in hac cruce tecum mori.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
32 “amator amplectende.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1323–1324.
33 Bynum, Caroline Walker, Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 1–21Google Scholar; Bildhauer, Bettina, Medieval Blood (Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press, 2006), 14Google Scholar.
34 Armstrong, Regis J. and Brady, Ignatius C., eds., Francis and Clare: The Complete Works (New York: Paulist, 1982), 63, 70Google Scholar; Thornton, John F. and Varenne, Susan B., Honey and Salt: Selected Spiritual Writings of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (New York: Vintage, 2007), 14–17Google Scholar. Cf. Sheldrake, Philip, ed., The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox, 2005)Google Scholar, s.v. “Bridal Mysticism (Brautmystic).”
35 Becker et al., Geistliches Wunderhorn, 278.
36 Evans, G. R., ed., The Medieval Theologians: An Introduction to the Theology of the Medieval Period (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2001), 73–74, 86–89, 193, 219Google Scholar; Stone, Darwell, A History of the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist (Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, 2006), 1:313Google Scholar; Aquinas, Thomas, Summa Theologiae (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 58:53–59Google Scholar (Summa Part III, Question 75, Article 1).
While older research has often assumed that the eucharistic controversies of the eleventh century built on those that supposedly occurred in the ninth, particularly surrounding the writings of Paschasius Ratbertus, some recent scholarship has questioned whether there was, in fact, a controversy at all. Bouhot, Jean-Paul, Ratramne de Corbie: Histoire littéraire et controversies doctrinales (Paris: Études Augustiniennes, 1976)Google Scholar; Timothy R. LeCroy, “The Role of Corpus in the Eucharistic Theology of Paschasius Radbertus” (Ph.D. diss., Saint Louis University, 2012).
37 Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 59:11.
38 Ibid., 59:81 (III, 80, 11).
39 Ibid., 59:77 ( III, 80, 10); Dudley, Martin R., “Sacramental Liturgies in the Middle Ages,” in The Liturgy of the Medieval Church, eds. Heffernan, Thomas J. and Matter, E. Ann (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, 2001), 227–228Google Scholar.
40 Bynum, Wonderful Blood, 87. See also Jungmann, Joseph, The Mass of the Roman Rite: Its Origins and Development (New York: Benzinger, 1951, 1955)Google Scholar, 1:119–121, 2:206–212.
41 Ibid., 86–96, 138–141, 174, 246–247; Evans, The Medieval Theologians, 178–180, 193, 219, cf. 74–75, 81, 87.
42 Lehnertz, Marlies, “Vom hochmittelalterlichen katholischen Hymnus zum barocken evangelischen Kirchenlied: Paul Gerhardts ‘O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden’ und seine lateinische Vorlage, des ‘Salve caput cruentatum’ Arnulfs von Löwen” in Liturgie und Dichtung: Ein interdisziplinäres Kompendium I, Historische Präsentation, eds. Becker, H. and Kaczynski, R., eds (Erzabtei St. Ottilien, Germany: EOS, 1983), 755–756Google Scholar. Cf. Axmacher, Elke, “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden” in Liederkunde zum Evangelischen Gesangbuch, Hahn, Gerhard and Henkys, Jürgen (Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004), 10:41–49Google Scholar.
43 “Ist jemals ein wahrer, gottesfürchtiger und frommer Mönch gewesen, so war es St. Bernhard, den ich alleinviel höher halte, denn alle Mönche und Pfaffen auf dem ganzen Erdboden, und ich zwar seines gleichen auch sonst niemals weder gelesen noch gehört habe.” Author's translation, as in all subsequent. In Goltz, G[eorg] F[riedrich] G[ottlob], Ausführliche Erklärung einiger der vorzüglichsten evangelischen Kirchenlieder für Schule und Haus (Berlin: Th. Sherk, 1843), 129Google Scholar.
44 Reynolds, William Jensen, A Survey of Christian Hymnody (New York: Hold, Rinehard and Winston, 1963), 23Google Scholar.
45 Gross, Sven, Gott und das Leid in den Liedern Paul Gerhardts (Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001), 240–243CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The later body parts in the order presented in the Latin poem and in Gerhardt's translation were among the first to be adapted: “To the Chest,” “Gegrüsset seist du, Gott mein Heil” in 1666 (Zahn, Johannes, Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlider, Bd. 6 [Gütersloh, Germany: C. Bertelsmann, 1893], 226Google Scholar); “To the Heart,” “O Herz des Königs aller Welt” in 1666 (Gerhardt, Paul and Langbecker, Emanuel Christian Gottlieb, Leben und Lieder von Paulus Gerhardt [Berlin, Germany: E. C. G. Langbecker, 1841], 307Google Scholar). The earliest body parts in the order of the Latin poem were among the last to be adapted as hymns: “To the Feet, ” “Sei mir tausendmal gegrüsset” in 1759 (Vollständiges Marburger Gesang-Buch: zur Uebung der Gottseligkeit, in 615 christlichen und trostreichen Psalmen und Gesängen . . . . Martin Luthers (Neue und von Druckfehlern sorgfältig gereinigte Ausg.) [Philidelphia: Carl Cist, 1799], 196; “To the Hands,” “Sei wohl gegrüsset, guter Hirt” in 1759 (Vollständiges Marburger Gesang-Buch, 197); “To the Side,” “Ich grüsse dich, du frömmster Mann” in 1725 (Geistreiches neu vermehrtes berauisches Gesangbuch [Gera, Germany: Gottfried Wintern, 1725], 169). Georg Philipp Telemann adapted one stanza of “To the Knees,” “Gegrüsset seist du, meine Kron,” in 1746 as a chorale in one of his several passions based on the Gospel of Matthew (Telemann Matthäus-Passion 1746, orchestra and chorus dir. Hermann Max, Capriccio—Delta Music DDD 10 854).
46 Sheldrake, The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality, s.v. “Lutheran Spirituality.”
47 “Ich umfange, herz und küsse / Der gekränkten Wunden Zahl / Und die purpurroten Flüsse, / Deine Füss' und Nägelmal.” Gerhardt, Paul, Dichtungen und Schriften (Munich: P. Müller, 1957), 59Google Scholar. Cf. Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 61.
48 “Die Rosen, die / Ich mein allhie, / Sind deine Mal und Plagen, / Die dir am End / In deine Händ.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 62.
49 “Du zahlst mit beiden Händen dar / Die edlen roten Gulden.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 62.
50 “Du meines Heilands Seite, / Du edler Quell, aus welchem fleusst / Das Blut, das so viel Leute / Von ihren Sünden wäschet.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 64.
51 Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 64–65.
52 “ut te quaeram mente pura, / sit haec mea prima cura.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
53 “So wirst du, Schönster, meinen Sinn / [. . .] ergötzen.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 62.
54 “deines Kreuzes Herzeleid / Will ich in mein Herz schreiben.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 62.
55 “Lass deine Flamm und starke Glut / Durch all mein Herze, Geist und Mut / Mit allen Kräften dringen.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 68.
56 “Verwund auch mich, o süsses Heil, / Und triff mein Herz mit deinem Pfeil, / Wie du verwundet worden.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 69.
57 Luther, Martin, Lull, Timothy F., and Russell, William R., Martin Luther's Basic Theological Writings (Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2005), 19Google Scholar.
58 “der du selbst gebüsset / Das, womit ich dich betrübt.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 59.
59 “Verleihe du nur Kraft und Macht, / Damit, was ich bei mir bedacht, / Ich mög ins Werk auch setzen.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 62.
60 “non est labor, nec gravabor / sed sanabor et mundabor, / cum te complexus fuero.” Mabillon and Migne, S. Bernardi, 1321–1322.
61 “Du weites Tor der Gnaden.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 64.
62 Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 69.
63 Ibid., 69–70.
64 “Wie bist du so bespeit! ” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 70.
65 “Wie bist du so erbleichet! ” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 70.
66 Becker et al., Geistliches Wunderhorn, 283.
67 “Himmelslust.” Gerhardt, Dichtungen und Schriften, 71.
68 “mütterlich,” Axmacher in Hahn and Henkys, Liederkunde zum Evangelischen Gesangbuch, 10:44.
69 Hewitt, Theodore Brown, Paul Gerhardt as a Hymn Writer and his Influence on English Hymnody (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, [1918]), 152Google Scholar.
70 von Bassewitz, Gert and Bunners, Christian, Auf Paul Gerhardts Spuren (Hamburg: Ellert & Richter, 1997), 6–7Google Scholar.
71 Bunners, Christian, “Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676),” in Lindberg, Carter, ed., The Pietist Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005), 68–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
72 Lund, Eric, ed., Seventeenth-Century Lutheran Meditations and Hymns (New York: Paulist, 2011), 12–13Google Scholar.
73 Ibid., 13. For example, in Johann Gerhard's explanation of the ends of the eucharist, he cited Athanasius, Augustine, Chrysostom, Cyprian, Ambrose, John of Damascus, Hilary of Poitiers, Cyril of Alexandria, Cyril of Jerusalem, Ignatius of Antioch, and Irenaeus, among others, in addition to Luther, Melanchthon, Chemnitz, and Balthasar Mentzer the Elder. Gerhard, Johann, Locorum Theologicorum, ed. Cotta, Johann Friderich (Tubingen: Johann Georg Cotta, 1769), 10:363–371Google Scholar.
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77 “Cum enim ipsius Filii Dei promprium corpus in mortem pro nobis traditum, et ipsius proprium sanguinem in ara cruces pro peccatis nostris effusum in sacra coena accipiamus, ex eo facile adparet, Omnia, quaecunque Christus traditione sui corporis et effusione sui sanguinis promeruit, in salutari hujus sacramenti usu nobis adplicari, conferri et obsignari” (§ CCXI). Gerhard, Locorum Theologicorum, 10:364.
78 § CCXIII. Gerhard, Locorum Theologicorum, 10:371.
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82 Ibid., 276.
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91 Ibid., 8–9.
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93 Ibid., 9–10.
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