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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
The period of the Reformation touches the interests of most people in one way or another and consequently receives attention from historians with a great variety of interests, running the gamut from dialectic materialism to theology. Much of this concern stems from our preoccupation with the strong revival of religion subsequent to the first World War and evinced in neo-scholasticism, Barthian evangelicalism, neo-orthodoxy, the Luther renaissance, the ecumenical movement, and similar manifestations, on the one hand, and our great concern with the widespread social tensions and revolutions which are springing up in all parts of the world and are keeping us poised on the brink of another world war.
1 The bibliographical survey presented at the First International Luther Research Congress at Aarhus in 1956 and published in Luth rforschung Heute (Berlin, 1958)Google Scholar show that little attention has been devoted to the interrelation of religious and social forces in the Lutheran Reformation.
2 Karl Lamprecht, “Zum Verständnis der wirts aftlichen und sozialen Wandlungen in Deutschland vom 14. zum 16. Jahrhundert,” Zeitschrift für Sozial- und Witschaftsgeschichte, I (1893), 191–263. See especially pp. 212–213.
3 Kurt Kaser, Politische und soziale Bewegungen im deutschen Bürgertum zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart, 1899), pp. 11–29.
4 Ibid., p. 188.
5 Sombart, Werner, Der moderne Kapitalismils (Leipzig, 1902)Google Scholar; Der Bourgeois: Zur Geistesgeschichte des modernen Wirtschaftsmenschen (Munich & Leipzig, 1913), translated by Epstein, M.Google Scholar under the title, The Quintessence of Capitalism (New York, 1915).Google Scholar
6 Weber, Max, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie, 3 vols. (Tübingen, 1920–1921)Google Scholar; The Protestant Ethio and the Spirit of Capitalism, translated by Parsons, T. (New York, 1930).Google Scholar
7 Troeltsch, Ernst, Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen (Tübingen, 1913)Google Scholar, translated by Wyon, Olive and published under the title, The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches, 2 vols (London & New York, 1931). See II, 466–467.Google Scholar
8 Ibid., pp. 515–516.
9 Holl, Karl, Gesammelte Aufsätze, 3 vols. (Tübingen, 1928–1932)Google Scholar, Vol. I, Luther. His “Die Kulturbedeutu. der Reformation,” first published in 1911 and included in the first volume of his Aufsätze, has been translated by , Karl and Hertz, Barbara and Lichtblau, John H. and published under the title, The Cultural Significance of the Reformation (New York, 1959).Google Scholar
10 Tawney, R. H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (New York & London, 1926).Google Scholar
11 Hudson, Winthrop S., “Puritanism and the Spirit of Capitalism,” Church History, XVIII (1949), 3–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Robertson, H. M., Aspects of the Rise of Individualism (Cambridge, 1933)Google Scholar; Sée, Henri, Modern Capitalism (New York, 1928)Google Scholar; Hyma, Albert, Catholicism, Capitalism, and Communism (Am Arbor, 1937)Google Scholar; Fanfani, Amintore, Catholicism, Protestantism and Capitalism (New York, 1955).Google Scholar
12 Paseal, R., The Social Basis of the German Reformation: Luther and His Times (London, 1933), p. 124.Google Scholar
13 Ibid., p. 193.
14 Rörig, Fritz, Historische Zeitschrift, CL (1934), 457–484Google Scholar, reprinted in his Wirtschaftskräfte im Mittelalter (Cologne & Graz, 1959), pp. 421–446.Google Scholar
15 Smiriu, M. M., Deutschland vor der Reformation, translated from the Russian by Nichtweiss, J. (Berlin, 1955), pp. 116–157.Google Scholar Compare Dohna, Lother Graf Zu,Reformatio Sigismundi (Göttingen, 1960), pp. 16, 216.Google Scholar
16 Schildhauer, Johannes, Soziale, politische und religiöse Auseinandersetzungen in den Hansestädten Stralsund, Rostock und Wismar im ersten Drittel des 16. Jahrhunderts (Weimar, 1959), pp. v–lx.Google Scholar
17 Exceptions in Germany were Franconia, Swabia, Alsace, and the Trier region, where nobles and cities resisted the princes and owed their allegiance directly to the emperor.
18 Holborn, Hajo, A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation (New York, 1959), pp. 30–39Google Scholar, contains an excellent account of the development of the territorial state in Germany. See also his “The Social Basis of the German Reformation,” Church History, V (1936), 230–239.Google Scholar
19 Hartung, Fritz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte vom 15. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, 5th ed. (Stuttgart, 1950).Google Scholar
20 William R. Hitcheock has published and excellent introductory study of the interaction of social and religious factors in the writings of a number of German knights under the title, The Background of the Knights' Revolt, 1522–1523 (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1958).Google Scholar
21 Ibid., pp. 57–108.
22 Franz, Günther, Der deutsche Bauernkrieg, 4th edition (Darmstadt, 1956)Google Scholar; Schapiro, J. S., Social Reform and the Reformation (New York, 1909).Google Scholar
23 See especially Engels, Friedrich, The Peasants' War in Germany (London, 1934)Google Scholar, and Kautsky, Karl, Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation (New York, 1909).Google Scholar
24 Good examples of the use of quantitative analysis are those by Johannes Schildhauer (see note 16) and Mauersberg, Hans, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte zentraleuropäischer Städte in neuerer Zeit (Göttingen, 1960).Google Scholar
25 Von Below, Georg, Der deutsche Staat des Mittelalters (Leipzig, 1925)Google Scholar, and Das ältere deutsche Städtewesen und Bürgertum (Bielefeld & Leipzig, 1905)Google Scholar; Rörig, Fritz, Die europäische Stadt und Kultur des Bürgertums im Mittelalter (Göttingen, 1955)Google Scholar, Städtewesen und Bürgertum als geschichtliche Kräfte (Lübeck, 1953)Google Scholar, and Wirtschaftskräfte im Mittelalter (Cologne & Graz, 1959).Google Scholar
26 See Strieder, Jakob, Zur Genesis des modernen Kapitalismus (Leipzig, 1904).Google Scholar
27 Von Schubert, Hans, Lazarus Spengler und die Reformation in Nürnberg (Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationgeschichte, Vol. XVII) (Leipzig, 1934)Google Scholar; Lutz, Heinrich, Conrad Peutinger: Beiträge zu einer politischen Biographie (Augsburg, 1958).Google Scholar
28 Schmidt, Heinrich, Die deutschen Städtechroniken als Spiegel des bürgerlichen, Selbstverständnisses im Spätmittelalter (Göttingen, 1958).Google Scholar
29 Schultzc, Alfred, Stadtgemcinde und Reformation (Leipzig, 1918), pp. 10–21.Google Scholar
30 Grimm, Harold J., “The Relations of Luther and Melanchthon with the Townsmeu,” Luther and Melanchthon (Philadelphia, 1961), pp. 32–48.Google Scholar See especially pp. 46–47.
31 Maschke, Erich, “Verfassung und soziale Kräfte in der deutschen Stadt des späten Mittelalters, vornehmlich in Oberdeutschland,” Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, LXVI (1959), 289–349Google Scholar; 433–476. See p. 309. Compare Von Below, Georg, Das ältere deutsche Städtewesen und Bürgertum, pp. 96–98.Google Scholar
32 Mauersberg, pp. 108–110.
33 Schildhauer, p. 117.
34 Waldemar Kawerau, Hans Sachs und die Reformation (Verein für Reformationsgeschichte), VII (1889), 1–100; Beifus, Jos., “Hans Sachs und die Reformation bis zum Tode Luthers,” Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg, XIX (1911), 1–76Google Scholar; Genee, Rudolf, Hans Sachs und seine Zeit (Leipzig, 1902).Google Scholar
35 Kaser, pp. 10–16.