The Phokaians in the Far West: an Historical Reconstruction*

P. Bosch-Gimpera

doi:10.1017/S0009838800022564

The Phokaians in the Far West: an Historical Reconstruction*

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009

P. Bosch-Gimpera

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The far west in Hesiod's world is confused, and probably reflects a dim knowledge drawn from the Phoenicians in Sicily, where the Greeks bought Tartessian silver. Beneath myths and traditions we may discern a few historical facts: the dynasty of the Tartessian kings, the Phoenician wars with King Geron of Tartessos (about the turn of the ninth to eighth centuries), followed by the ‘Phoenician Thalassocracy’ and a Tartessian attempt to establish direct commercial relations with Sardinia.

Type: Research Article
Information: The Classical Quarterly , Volume 38 , Issue 1-2 , April 1944 , pp. 53 - 59

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838800022564 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Classical Association 1944

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^{page 53 note 1} ‘Phoenician Thalassocracy’, 709–664 or earlier (v. Myres, J. L., JHS, 1905)Google Scholar. Foundation of Nora in Sardinia, c. 700.

^{page 53 note 2} On the Helmet of Guadalete v. Peman, C. (Archivo Esp. de Arqueologia, 1941, p. 407)Google Scholar,Schulten, (Forschungen u. Fortsckritte, 1929)Google Scholar; and colonizzaon the later helmet of Huelva, Schulten, (Investigacidn y Progreso, 1931)Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 3} Schulten, , Tartessos (Hamburg, 1922), and in Arch. Anzeiger, 1923–7, and in RE, s.v. ‘Tartessos’Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 4} Radet, , ‘Arganthonios et le mur de Phocée’ (Bull. Hispanique, 1903)Google Scholar; Déonna, , De'dale II (Paris, 1931), p. 300Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 5} Cf. Bosch, , Etnologia de la Peninsula Iberica (1922)Google Scholar, chap, xii, and ‘Problemi della colonizzazione greca in Ispagna’ (Historia, iii, 1929, p. 572)Google Scholar; R. Carpenter, The Greeks in Spain; Bellido, A. Garcia, ‘Las primeras navegaciones griegas en Iberia’ (Arch. Esp. de Arqu., 1940)Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 1} Pliny, , NH vii. 197Google Scholar; cf. Warmington, , Ancient Explorers (1929), pp. 30–1Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 2} Bosch, , Etnologia and L'Art grec a Catalunya (Barcelona, 1938)Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 3} Schulten, , Tartessos, pp. 25–6Google Scholar; Warmington, , op. cit., p. 46Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 4} Mélida, J. R. … ‘Bronces de D. Antonio Vives’ (Revista de Archivos, etc., 1910)Google Scholar; cf. Jacobsthal, in Jahrb. des Deutsch. Arch. Inst., 1929, p. 1931Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 5} Pericot, , Historia de Espana, i, p. 277Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 6} R. Carpenter, op. cit., pp. 37–46; cf. Cabré, in Mems. de la Junta de Excavs., 1916, 1917, 1918Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 7} Paus. vi. 19. 2–4.

^{page 54 note 8} If such an event took place: cf. Clerc's Massalia for a statement of the case and for arguments against it.

^{page 54 note 9} Pericot, , Historia de Espana (Barcelona, 1934), vol. iGoogle Scholar; Bosch, , Etnologia and UAH grec Catalunya and ‘Ausgrabungen von Emporion’ Arch. Anzeiger, 1936)Google Scholar; Bosch, , Rafols, Sena, and Castillo, , Emporion (guide-book, Barcelona, 1934)Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 1} Lafuente, J., ‘Excavaciones en la Albufereta’ (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1933)Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 2} Cabré, and Motos, (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1920)Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 3} Thouvenot, , ‘Catalogue … objets de Bronze du Musee de Madrid’ (Bibl. Ée. Hautes Études Hisp. xii)Google Scholar; Paris, P., Essai sur l' Art ei l'Industrie de l'Espagne primitive, iGoogle Scholar, figs. 86–90. Verdolay statue: Bellido, Garcia y (Arch, esp. Arqu., 1941, p. 320)Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 4} Amorós, J. (Publications del Gabinet Numismalic de Catalunya, 1933 and 1934Google Scholar) writes on coins of Emporion and connected finds. In Spain and S. France Greek coins of the so-called Phokaian-Mitylenaian Hansa were current to-gether with Massaliot coins from the time of the Phokaian Thalassocracy. Amorós believes that Emporion, and probably the SE. Spanish colonies, early began minting their own coinage; but v. also Hill, G. F., Notes on the Coinage of Hispania Citerior, p. 12 fGoogle Scholar.

^{page 55 note 5} Bellido, A. Garcia, ‘Relaciones entre el artegriego y el ibero’ (Arch. Esp. deArt.y Arqu., 1931)Google Scholar; Lantier, , ‘Bronzes votifs iberiques’ (IPEK, 1930)Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 6} Schulten, (Tartessos, p. 46)Google Scholar thinks Mainake was destroyed about this time.

^{page 55 note 7} GALERA: Cabré, and Motos, (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1920)Google Scholar; SETEFILLA: Bonsor, and Thouvenot, (Bibl. ác. Hautes études Hisp. xiv, 1928)Google Scholar; AlXORES: Bonsor, (Rev. arch., 1899)Google Scholar; ALISEDA: Melida, (Arch. Am., 1928, p. 497)Google Scholar; EL MOLAR: Senent, (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1929)Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 8} Cf. Beaumont, R. A. (JRS, 1939, pp. 74–86)Google Scholar, where it is argued that the First Treaty of Carthage with Rome is one of a series of treaties negotiated then with Etruscan cities.

^{page 55 note 9} xliii. 5. 2.

^{page 56 note 1} Bilabel, , Die kleimren hist.-frag. auf Papyrus, 10Google Scholar; Wilcken, U. in Hermes, 1906, 1907Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 2} CAR iv, p. 389.

^{page 56 note 3} Justin, xliv. 5. 1; Macrobius, , Sat. i. 20. 12Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 4} Schulten, Tartessos, chap. iv.

^{page 56 note 5} Hdt. vii. 158.

^{page 56 note 6} Justin, xliii. 5.2, ‘Massilienses amicitiam cum Hispanis iunxerunt’, may refer to this occasion.

^{page 57 note 1} Paus. x. 8. 6,18. 7.

^{page 57 note 2} Justin, xliii. 5.2.

^{page 57 note 3} Ps.-Skylax, 112. Beaumont (loc. cit., pp. 81–2) aigued that the Kerch vases of Alcacer must have been carried by Greeks, since they are notfound at Carthage. He rightly maintained (against Schulten's view) that Greek relations with S. Spain continued through the fifth century. (Cf. Warmington, op. cit., p. 52.)

^{page 57 note 4} Cabré, and Motos, , ‘Necropoli de Tutugi’ (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1920)Google Scholar; Cabré, , ‘Objetos exöticos,’ etc. (Bol. de la Soc. Esp. de Excursiones, 1920)Google Scholar. I am much indebted to Prof. J. D. Beazley for kindly giving me his opinion on the dates and affiliations of Greek vases found in Spain.

^{page 57 note 5} ALCALA Heracles: Mélida, J. R. (Bol. Soc. esp. Exc. 1930, p. 108)Google Scholar, and Arqueologea Espanola (1939), pi. VIII.

ABENGIBRE silver: Santa-Olalla, J. Martínez (Invest, y Progr. 1932, p. 163)Google Scholar.

JAVEA: Mélida, (Revista de Archivos, etc., 1905)Google Scholar; Roca, Colomiaes, Terracuites d'Eivissa (Barcelona, 1938)Google Scholar; Escudero, A. Vives, La Necrdpoli de Ibiza (Madrid, 1917)Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 6} For fuller list and dates v. Appendix.

^{page 57 note 7} Bosch, , ‘Relaciones del arte griego y el ibero’ (Arch. Prehist. Lev., 1928)Google Scholar; Dixon, P., The Iberians of Spain (1940)Google Scholar; CERRO DE LOS SANTOS: Mélida, (Revista de Archivos, etc., 1903–1905;Google Scholar) Quintero, Pelayo, Necrdpoli anteromana de Cadiz (1915)Google Scholar; CASTELLAR: Lantier, ‘El Santuario Ibérico de Castellar de Santisteban’ (Mems. Comis. Investig. paleont. y prehist.); DESPESAPERROS: Cabré, (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1916–1916)Google Scholar; LA LUZ: Bosch, (Anuari Inst. Est. Cat., 1921–1926)Google Scholar; LA SERRETA and ARCHENA: Bosch, ‘Problemade la Ceremica Ibérica, (Mems. Comis. Investig., etc., 1915)Google Scholar; LIRIA: Pericot, (Revue Archiologique, 1936, p. 95)Google Scholar; OLIVA: Bosch, (Arch. Preh. Lev., 1928)Google Scholar; LA BASTIDA: Pericot, and Ballester, (Arch. Preh. Lev., 1928)Google Scholar.

^{page 58 note 1} Op. cit., pp. 30–40.

^{page 58 note 2} Schulten, , Font. Hisp. Ant. iii, p. 9Google Scholar; CAH vii, p. 774.

^{page 58 note 3} v. supra, p. 55, n. 1.

^{page 58 note 4} Preserved in the Arabic Al-lacant ( = Alicante).

^{page 58 note 5} Pericot, , Revue Archiologique, 1936, p. 95Google Scholar.

^{page 58 note 6} J. Amorós, loc. cit. supra, p. 55, n. 4; G. F. Hill, op. cit.; TIVISSA: An. Inst. Est. Cat., 1913–14; Moreno, Gómez (Anuario del Cuerpo de Archiveros, etc., 1934, p. 173)Google Scholar; PUIG CASTELLAR: Segarra (Bol. R. Acad. Buen. Letr., Barcelona, 1906) and Pijoan, , Hojas Selectas, 1906Google Scholar. Hellenistic pots are found in many sites.

^{page 59 note 1} OSUNA: Engel, and Paris, (Arch. Miss, Scient. et Litt. (Paris), 1906Google Scholar; Bosch, (Mems. Comis. Investig., etc., 1915)Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 2} Ibiza: V. supra, p. 57, n. 5; Emporion: v. supra, p. 54, n. 9; ‘Carthaginian issue’ of emporitan coins: G. F. Hill, op. cit., p. 23; Amorós, , Les drachmes emporitanes, pp. 39–42, and D'una troballa de monedes emporitanes, pp. 18–32Google Scholar.

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