Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T14:34:20.776Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Enhanced alumina extraction from kaolin by thermochemical activation using charcoal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2022

Amr B. ElDeeb ,
Vyacheslav N. Brichkin ,
Martin Bertau Open the ORCID record for Martin Bertau [Opens in a new window] ,
Mahmoud E. Awad Open the ORCID record for Mahmoud E. Awad [Opens in a new window]  and
Yulia A. Savinova
Amr B. ElDeeb*
Affiliation:
Metallurgy Department, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Mining and Petroleum Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
Vyacheslav N. Brichkin
Affiliation:
Metallurgy Department, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Martin Bertau
Affiliation:
Institute of Chemical Technology, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Freiberg, Germany
Mahmoud E. Awad
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences (IACT-CSIC), University of Granada, Spain
Yulia A. Savinova
Affiliation:
Pyrometallurgy Laboratory, Gipronickel Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
*
*E-mail: engbasuony87@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The present work aims to increase the alumina percentage recovery (APR) extracted from kaolin via the addition of 0.5–4.0 wt.% charcoal as a thermochemical fluxing agent in the lime-sintering process at 1260–1360°C. The transformation, microstructural and microtextural changes and self-disintegration performance were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and laser diffraction particle-size distribution analysis. The optimum enhancement of APR, from 77.7% to 87.40%, was obtained by sintering at 1360°C with the addition of 1.5% charcoal. With further increase of the charcoal content to 4%, the APR reduced to 75.6%. Combustion of ≤1.5% charcoal provided additional heat that amorphized the crystalline calcium aluminate into highly leachable amorphous phases with improved self-disintegration efficiency. Sintering at temperatures of >1360°C or with charcoal contents >4% led to mullite crystallization and decreased alumina leachability, thereby reducing the APR. Charcoal is a cost-effective and energy-efficient activator to increase the APR extracted from kaolin.

Keywords

alumina productioncharcoal-based activationkaolinlime-sintering processpyro-hydrometallurgyself-disintegration process
Type
Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , December 2021 , pp. 269 - 283
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Editor: George E. Christidis

References

Ajemba, R.O. & Onukwuli, O.D. (2012) Process optimization of sulphuric acid leaching of alumina from Nteje clay using central composite rotatable design. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Engineering, 3, 1–7.Google Scholar
Al-Ajeel, A.W.A., Abdullah, S.Z., Muslim, W.A., Abdulkhader, M.Q., Al-Halbosy, M.K. & Al-Jumely, F.A. (2014) Extraction of alumina from Iraqi colored kaolin by lime-sinter process. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology Mining, 10, 109–117.Google Scholar
Al-Zahrani, A.A. & Abdul-Majid, M.H. (2009) Extraction of alumina from local clays by hydrochloric acid process. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 20, 29–41.Google Scholar
Aldabsheh, I., Khoury, H., Wastiels, J. & Rahier, H. (2015) Dissolution behavior of Jordanian clay-rich materials in alkaline solutions for alkali activation purpose. Part I. Applied Clay Science, 115, 238–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allegretta, I., Pinto, D. & Eramo, G. (2016) Effects of grain size on the reactivity of limestone temper in kaolinite clay. Applied Clay Science, 126, 223–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awad, M.E., López-Galindo, A., Sánchez-Espejo, R., El-Rahmany, M.M. & Viseras, C. (2018a) Thermal properties of some Egyptian kaolin pastes for pelotherapeutic applications: influence of particle geometry on thermal dosage release. Applied Clay Science, 160, 193–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awad, M.E., López-Galindo, A., Sánchez-Espejo, R., Sainz-Díaz, C.I., El-Rahmany, M.M. & Viseras, C. (2018b) Crystallite size as a function of kaolinite structural order-disorder and kaolin chemical variability: sedimentological implication. Applied Clay Science, 162, 261–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awad, M.E., López-Galindo, A., Medarević, D., Đuriš, J., El-Rahmany, M.M., Ibrić, S. & Viseras, C. (2020) Flow and tableting behaviors of some Egyptian kaolin powders as potential pharmaceutical excipients. Minerals, 10, 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azof, F.I. & Safarian, J. (2020) Leaching kinetics and mechanism of slag produced from smelting-reduction of bauxite for alumina recovery. Hydrometallurgy, 195, 105388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azof, F.I., Yang, Y., Panias, D., Kolbeinsen, L. & Safarian, J. (2019) Leaching characteristics and mechanism of the synthetic calcium-aluminate slags for alumina recovery. Hydrometallurgy, 185, 273–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azof, F.I., Vafeias, M., Panias, D. & Safarian, J. (2020) The leachability of a ternary CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag produced from smelting-reduction of low-grade bauxite for alumina recovery. Hydrometallurgy, 191, 105184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, G., Teng, W., Wang, X., Qin, J., Xu, P. & Li, P. (2010) Alkali desilicated coal fly ash as substitute of bauxite in lime-soda sintering process for aluminum production. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 20, 169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battaglia, S. (2004) Variations in the chemical composition of illite from five geothermal fields: a possible geothermometer. Clay Minerals, 39, 501–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazhirov, T.S., Dauletiyarov, M.S., Bazhirov, N.S., Serikbayev, B.E. & Bazhirova, K.N. (2020) Physical and chemical studies of slag of production of low-carbon ferrochrome – component of heat-resistant binder material. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy Khimiya Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, 63, 58–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biagioni, C. & Pasero, M. (2014) The systematics of the spinel-type minerals: an overview. American Mineralogist, 99, 1254–1264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birinci, M., Uysal, T., Erdemoğlu, M., Porgalı, E. & Barry, T. (2017) Acidic leaching of thermally activated pyrophyllite ore from Puturge (Malatya–Turkey) deposit. Presented at: XVII Balkan Mineral Processing Congress, 1–3 November, Antalya, Turkey.Google Scholar
Brichkin, V.N., Kurtenkov, R.V., ElDeeb, A.B. & Bormotov, I.S. (2019) State and development options for the raw material base of aluminum in non-bauxite regions. Obogashchenie Rud, 4, 31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, Z., Cao, Y.D., Dong, H.J., Zhang, J.S. & Sun, C.B. (2016) Effect of calcination condition on the microstructure and pozzolanic activity of calcined coal gangue. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 146, 23–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalouati, Y., Bennour, A., Mannai, F., & Srasra, E. (2020) Characterization, thermal behaviour and firing properties of clay materials from Cap Bon Basin, north-east Tunisia, for ceramic applications. Clay Minerals, 55, 351–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chou, K.S. & Burnet, G. (1981) Formation of calcium aluminates in the lime-sinter process. Cement and Concrete Research, 11, 167–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Elia, A., Pinto, D., Eramo, G., Giannossa, L., Ventruti, G. & Laviano, R. (2018) Effects of processing on the mineralogy and solubility of carbonate-rich clays for alkaline activation purpose: mechanical, thermal activation in red/ox atmosphere and their combination. Applied Clay Science, 152, 9–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V., Sakharov, B., Dorzhieva, O., Zviagina, B. & Lindgreen, H. (2019) Determination of the phase composition of partially dehydroxylated kaolinites by modelling their X-ray diffraction patterns. Clay Minerals, 54, 309–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubovikov, O.A., Brichkin, V.N., Ris, A.D. & Sundurov, A.V. (2018) Thermochemical activation of hydrated aluminosilicates and its importance for alumina production. Non-ferrous Metals, 2, 3–15.Google Scholar
ElDeeb, A.B.S. & Brichkin, V.N. (2018) Egyptian aluminum containing ores and prospects for their use in the production of aluminum. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, 9, 721–731.Google Scholar
ElDeeb, A.B., Brichkin, V.N., Kurtenkov, R.V. & Bormotov, I.S. (2019) Extraction of alumina from kaolin by a combination of pyro- and hydrometallurgical processes. Applied Clay Science, 172, 146–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ElDeeb, A.B., Brichkin, V.N., Bertau, M., Savinova, Yu.A. & Kurtenkov, R.V. (2020a) Solid state and phase transformation mechanism of kaolin sintered with limestone for alumina extraction. Applied Clay Science, 196, 105771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ElDeeb, A.B., Brichkin, V.N., Povarov, V.G. & Kurtenkov, R.V. (2020b) The activating effect of carbon during sintering the limestone–kaolin mixture. Tsvetnye Metally, 7, 18–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ElDeeb, A.B., Brichkin, V.N., Sizyakov, V.M. & Kurtenkov, R.V. (2020c) Effect of sintering temperature on the alumina extraction from kaolin. Pp. 136–145 in: Advances in Raw Material Industries for Sustainable Development Goals (Litvinenko, E., editor). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ElDeeb, A.B., Brichkin, V.N., Kurtenkov, R.V. & Bormotov, I.S. (2021) Study of the peculiarities of the leaching process for self-crumbling limestone–kaolin cakes. Obogashchenie Rud, 2021, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdemoğlu, M. & Baláž, P. (2012) An overview of surface analysis techniques for characterization of mechanically activated minerals. Miner Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 33, 65–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdemoğlu, M., Birinci, M. & Uysal, T. (2018) Alumina production from clay minerals: current reviews. Journal of Polytechnic, 21, 387–396.Google Scholar
Gao, Y., Liang, K., Gou, Y., Wei, S., Shen, W. & Cheng, F. (2020) Aluminum extraction technologies from high aluminum fly ash. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 37, 885–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasparini, E., Tarantino, S.C., Ghigna, P., Riccardi, M.P., Cedillo-González, E.I., Siligardi, C. & Zema, M. (2013) Thermal dehydroxylation of kaolinite under isothermal conditions. Applied Clay Science, 80, 417–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Y., Yan, K., Cui, L., Cheng, F. & Lou, H.H. (2014) Effect of Na2CO3 additive on the activation of coal gangue for alumina extraction. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 131, 51–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Y., Yan, K., Cui, L. & Cheng, F. (2016) Improved extraction of alumina from coal gangue by surface mechanically grinding modification. Powder Technology, 302, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Húlan, T., Štubňa, I., Shishkin, A., Ozolins, J., Csáki, Š, Bačík, P. & Fridrichová, J. (2019) Development of Young's modulus of natural illitic clay during the heating and cooling stages of firing. Clay Minerals, 54, 229–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivanov, M.A., Pak, V.I., Nalivayko, A.Yu., Kirov, S.S. & Bozhko, G.G. (2019) Prospects of using Russian high silicon raw materials in alumina production. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 330, 93–102.Google Scholar
Jadhav, R. & Debnath, N.C. (2011) Computation of X-ray powder diffractograms of cement components and its application to phase analysis and hydration performance of OPC cement. Bulletin of Materials Science, 34, 1137–1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karbalaei Saleh, D., Abdollahi, H., Noaparast, M. & Fallah Nosratabad, A. (2019). Dissolution of aluminium from metakaolin with oxalic, citric and lactic acids. Clay Minerals, 54, 209–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaußen, F.M. & Friedrich, B. (2018) Phase characterization and thermochemical simulation of (landfilled) bauxite residue (‘red mu’) in different alkaline processes optimized for aluminum recovery. Hydrometallurgy, 176, 49–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Küster, D., Kaufhold, S., Limam, E., Jatlaoui, O., Ba, O., Mohamed, A. et al. (2021) Investigation of unexplored kaolin occurrences in southern Mauritania and preliminary assessment of possible applications. Clay Minerals, 56, 126–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, G., Zeng, J., Luo, J., Liu, M., Jiang, T. & Qiu, G. (2014a) Thermal transformation of pyrophyllite and alkali dissolution behavior of silicon. Applied Clay Science, 99, 282–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H., Hui, J., Wang, C., Bao, W. & Sun, Z. (2014b) Extraction of alumina from coal fly ash by mixed-alkaline hydrothermal method. Hydrometallurgy, 147–148, 183–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X., Wang, H., Zhou, Q., Qi, T., Liu, G. & Peng, Z. (2019) Efficient separation of silica and alumina in simulated CFB slag by reduction roasting-alkaline leaching process. Waste Management, 87, 798–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, P., Li, J., Chen, Z., Liu, X., Huang, Z. & Zhou, F. (2021) Compositional evolution of the muscovite of Renli pegmatite-type rare-metal deposit, northeast Hunan, China: implications for its petrogenesis and mineralization potential. Ore Geology Reviews, 138, 104380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liew, Y.M., Kamarudin, H., Mustafa Al Bakri, A.M., Luqman, M., Khairul Nizar, I., Ruzaidi, C.M. & Heah, C.Y. (2012) Processing and characterization of calcined kaolin cement powder. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 794–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mejía De Gutiérrez, R., Torres, J., Vizcayno, C. & Castello, R. (2008) Influence of the calcination temperature of kaolin on the mechanical properties of mortars and concretes containing metakaolin. Clay Minerals, 43, 177–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikhailova, Yu.A., Konopleva, N.G., Yakovenchuk, V.N., Ivanyuk, G.Yu., Menshikov, Yu.P. & Pakhomovsky, Ya.A. (2007) Corundum-group minerals in rocks of the Khibiny alkaline pluton, Kola Peninsula. Geology of Ore Deposits, 49, 41–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, H.H. (2006) Structure and composition of the clay minerals and their physical and chemical properties. Developments in Clay Science, 2, 7–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nzeukou Nzeugang, A., Ouahabi, M., Aziwo, B., Mache, J., Mefire Mounton, H. & Fagel, N. (2018) Characterization of kaolin from Mankon, northwest Cameroon. Clay Minerals, 53, 563–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olaremu, A.G. (2015) Sequential leaching for the production of alumina from a Nigerian clay. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, 3, 103–109.Google Scholar
Pak, V.I., Kirov, S.S., Nalivaiko, A.Y., Ozherelkov, D.Y. & Gromov, A.A. (2019) Obtaining alumina from kaolin clay via aluminum chloride. Materials, 12, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pontikes, Y., Jones, P.T., Geysen, D. & Blanpain, B. (2010) Options to prevent dicalcium silicate-driven disintegration of stainless-steel slags. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 55, 1167–1172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ptáček, P., Opravil, T., Šoukal, F., Havlica, J. & Holešinský, R. (2013) Kinetics and mechanism of formation of gehlenite, Al–Si spinel and anorthite from the mixture of kaolinite and calcite. Solid State Science, 26, 53–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiao, X.C., Si, P. & Yu, J.G.A. (2008) A systematic investigation into the extraction of aluminum from coal spoil through kaolinite. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 8541–8546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qiu, G.Z., Jiang, T., Li, G.H., Fan, X.H. & Huang, Z.C. (2004) Activation and removal of silicon in kaolinite by thermochemical process. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy, 33, 121–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scorzelli, R., Bertolino, L., Luz, A., Duttine, M., Silva, F. & Munayco, P. (2008) Spectroscopic studies of kaolin from different Brazilian regions. Clay Minerals, 43, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sizyakov, V.M. (2016) Chemical and technological mechanisms of an alkaline aluminum silicates sintering and a hydrochemical sinter processing. Journal of Mining Institute, 217, 102–112.Google Scholar
Sizyakov, V.M. & Brichkin, V.N. (2018) About the role of hydrafed calcium carboaluminates in improving the technology of complex processing of nephelines. Journal of Mining Institute, 231, 292–298.Google Scholar
Sizyakov, V.M., Dubovikov, O.A. & Nikolaeva, N.V. (2013a) The role of calcium oxide in the thermochemical conditioning of bauxite. Journal of Mining Institute, 202, 14–19.Google Scholar
Sizyakov, V.M., Dubovikov, O.A., Nikolaeva, N.V. & Kalashnikova, M.I. (2013b) The role of mineralized additives in the alumina phase transformation process. Journal of Mining Institute, 202, 48–55.Google Scholar
Sizyakov, V.M., Bazhin, V.Yu. & Sizyakova, E.V. (2016) Feasibility study of the use of nepheline-limestone charges instead of bauxite. Metallurgist, 59, 1135–1141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. (2009) The processing of high silica bauxites – review of existing and potential processes. Hydrometallurgy, 98, 162–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stange, K., Lenting, C. & Geisler, T. (2017) Insights into the evolution of carbonate-bearing kaolin during sintering revealed by in situ hyperspectral Raman imaging. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 101, 1–14.Google Scholar
Sule, R. & Sigalas, I. (2020) Influence of excess alumina on mullite synthesized from pyrophyllite by spark plasma sintering. Clay Minerals, 55, 166–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, A., Su, L., Li, C. & Wei, W. (2010) Effect of mechanical activation on acid-leaching of kaolin residue. Applied Clay Science, 48, 296–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tantawy, M.A. & Alomari, A.A. (2019) Extraction of alumina from Nawan kaolin by acid leaching. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 35, 1013–1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, Y., Pan, X., Yu, H., Han, Y., Tu, G. & Bi, S. (2016a) An improved lime sinter process to produce Al2O3 from low-grade Al-containing resources. Pp. 5–9 in: Light Metals 2016 (Williams, E., editor). Springer, Berlin, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, Y., Pan, X., Yu, H. & Tu, G. (2016b) Formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds based on high-temperature solid-state reaction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 670, 96–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toama, H.Z., Al-Ajeel, A.A. & Jumaah, A.H. (2018) Studying the efficiency of lime-soda Sinter process to extract alumina from colored kaolinite ores using factorial technique of design of experiments. Engineering and Technology Journal, 36, 500–508.Google Scholar
Uddin, F. (2008) Clays, Nano clays, and montmorillonite minerals. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 39, 2804–2814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valeev, D., Pak, V., Mikhailova, A., Gol'Dberg, M., Zheleznyi, M., Dorofievich, I. et al. (2016) Extraction of aluminium by autoclave hydrochloric acid leaching of boehmite–kaolinite bauxite. Pp. 23–28 in: Light Metals 2016 (Williams, E., editor). Springer, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Vdovets, A.Z. (2020) Variability of alunite quartzite composition as a reflection of the characteristics of its genesis. Geology of Ore Deposits, 62, 138–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B., Sun, H., Guo, D. & Zhang, X. (2011) Effect of Na2O on alumina leaching property and phase transformation of MgO-containing calcium aluminate slags. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society, China, 21, 2752–2757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B., Chu, W., Hao, Y., Rong, S. & Sun, H. (2017) Synthesis and alumina leaching mechanism of calcium sulphoaluminate. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society, China, 27, 2090–2095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, X.H., Lao, X.B., Wu, J.F., Zhang, Y.X., Xu, X.Y. & Li, K. (2015) Microstructural evolution, phase transformation, and variations in physical properties of coal series kaolin powder compact during firing. Applied Clay Science, 115, 76–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, K., Guo, Y., Li, Fang, Li, Cui, Cheng, F. & Li, T. (2017) Decomposition and phase transformation mechanism of kaolinite calcined with sodium carbonate. Applied Clay Science, 147, 90–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, H., Pan, X., Wang, B., Zhang, W., Sun, H. & Bi, S. (2012) Effect of Na2O on the formation of calcium aluminates in the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society, China, 22, 3108–3112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, H., Pan, X., Liu, B., Wang, B. & Bi, S. (2014) Effect of iron oxides on the activity of calcium aluminate clinker in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 21, 990–994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, H., Pan, X., Dong, K. & Wu, Y. (2019) Effect of P addition on mineral transition of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system during high-temperature sintering. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society, China, 29, 650–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, S., Han, Y., Li, Y., Gao, P. & Yu, J. (2018) Effect of calcination temperature on activation behaviors of coal-series kaolin by fluidized bed calcination. Physicochemical Problems and Mineral Processing, 54, 590–600.Google Scholar
Zhang, S., Ou, X., Qiang, Y., Niu, J. & Komarneni, S. (2015a) Thermal decomposition behavior and de-intercalation mechanism of acetamide intercalated into kaolinite by thermoanalytical techniques. Applied Clay Science, 114, 309–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, D., Pan, X., Yu, H. & Zhai, Y. (2015b) Mineral transition of calcium aluminate clinker during high-temperature sintering with low-lime dosage. Journal of Material Science and Technology, 31, 1244–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, C.C., Liu, G.J., Yan, Z.C., Fang, T. & Wang, R.W. (2012) Transformation behavior of mineral composition and trace elements during coal gangue combustion. Fuel, 97, 644–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, C.C., Liu, G.J., Fang, T. & Lam, P.K.S. (2015) Investigation on thermal and trace element characteristics during co-combustion biomass with coal gangue. Bioresource Technology, 175, 454–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

ElDeeb et al. supplementary material

ElDeeb et al. supplementary material

Download ElDeeb et al. supplementary material(File)
File 48.1 KB