Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T08:40:33.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modification and characterization of an Iranian montmorillonite as a corrosion/mechanical promoter for epoxy coatings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2018

S. Ghodrati ,
A. Mahmoodi  and
M. Mohseni
S. Ghodrati
Affiliation:
Polymer Engineering Department, AmirKabir University of Technology, PO Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
A. Mahmoodi*
Affiliation:
Polymer Engineering Department, AmirKabir University of Technology, PO Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
M. Mohseni
Affiliation:
Polymer Engineering Department, AmirKabir University of Technology, PO Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
*
*E-mail: alimahmoodi498@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Iranian montmorillonite (MMT) was modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTB) and used as a nano-additive for the enhancement of the mechanical and anticorrosion properties of an epoxy coating. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that HDTB reacted with MMT (with 97% yield) and increased the d001 spacing of MMT from 1.27 to 3.92 nm. Some 1, 3 and 5 wt.% of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) were added to the epoxy coating formulation. XRD and TEM/image processing analysis showed that the extent of intercalation/exfoliation of OMMT was substantially greater than that of MMT. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the glass transition temperature and storage modulus increased significantly with the addition of OMMT. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray/image processing results revealed that addition of OMMT to the epoxy coating significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating compared to neat and MMT-containing epoxy coatings. The optimum concentration of OMMT was 3 wt.%. At this concentration, the mechanical and anticorrosion properties were greatly superior to those of neat and MMT-containing epoxy coatings.

Keywords

montmorillonitenanocompositeepoxy coatingcorrosion resistancemechanical properties
Type
Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 53 , Issue 4 , December 2018 , pp. 603 - 620
Copyright
Copyright © Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Pilar Aranda

References

REFERENCES

Almagableh, A., Mantena, P.R., Alostaz, A., Liu, W. & Drzal, L.T. (2009) Effects of bromination on the viscoelastic response of vinyl ester nanocomposites. eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 3, 724–732.Google Scholar
Alves, J.L., de Tarso Vieira e Rosa, P. & Morales, A.R. (2016) A comparative study of different routes for the modification of montmorillonite with ammonium and phosphonium salts. Applied Clay Science, 132, 475–484.Google Scholar
Arora, A., Choudhary, V. & Sharma, D.K. (2011) Effect of clay content and clay/surfactant on the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Research, 18, 843–857.Google Scholar
Awad, W.H., Gilman, J.W., Nyden, M., Harris, R.H., Sutto, T.E., Callahan, J., Trulove, P.C., DeLong, H.C. & Fox, D.M. (2004) Thermal degradation studies of alkyl-imidazolium salts and their application in nanocomposites. Thermochimica Acta, 409, 3–11.Google Scholar
Becker, O., Varley, R. & Simon, G. (2002) Morphology, thermal relaxations and mechanical properties of layered silicate nanocomposites based upon high-functionality epoxy resins. Polymer, 43, 4365–4373.Google Scholar
Bellucci, F., Camino, G., Frache, A. & Sarra, A. (2007) Catalytic charring–volatilization competition in organoclay nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92, 425–436.Google Scholar
Bilgiç, C., Karakehya, N., Çetinkaya, H., Singh, A. & Chehimi, M.M. (2014) Surface and interface physicochemical aspects of intercalated organo-bentonite. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 50, 204–210.Google Scholar
Bonczek, J.L., Harris, W.G. & Nkedi-Kizza, P. (2002) Monolayer to bilayer transitional arrangements of hexadecyltrimethylammonium cations on Na-montmorillonite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 11–17.Google Scholar
Bottino, F.A., Fabbri, E., Fragalà, I.L., Malandrino, G., Orestano, A., Pilati, F. & Pollicino, A. (2003) Polystyrene–clay nanocomposites prepared with polymerizable imidazolium surfactants. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 24, 1079–1084.Google Scholar
Canny, J. (1986) A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 8, 679–698.Google Scholar
Canny, J.F. (1983) Finding Edges and Lines in Images. DTIC Document.Google Scholar
Carrado, K.A. & Bergaya, F. (editors) (2007) Clay-based Polymer Nano-Composites (CPN). Workshop Lectures Series, 15, The Clay Minerals Society, Chantilly, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Dai, C.-F., Li, P.-R. & Yeh, J.-M. (2008) Comparative studies for the effect of intercalating agent on the physical properties of epoxy resin–clay based nanocomposite materials. European Polymer Journal, 44, 2439–2447.Google Scholar
Favre, H. & Lagaly, G. (1991) Organo-bentonites with quaternary alkylammonium ions. Clay Minerals, 26, 19–32.Google Scholar
Ferdosian, F., Ebrahimi, M. & Jannesari, A. (2013) Curing kinetics of solid epoxy/DDM/nanoclay: isoconversional models versus fitting model. Thermochimica Acta, 568, 67–73.Google Scholar
Follain, N., Alexandre, B., Chappey, C., Colasse, L., Médéric, P. & Marais, S. (2016) Barrier properties of polyamide 12/montmorillonite nanocomposites: effect of clay structure and mixing conditions. Composites Science and Technology, 136, 18–28.Google Scholar
Fu, Y.-T. & Heinz, H. (2010) Cleavage energy of alkylammonium-modified montmorillonite and relation to exfoliation in nanocomposites: influence of cation density, head group structure, and chain length. Chemistry of Materials, 22, 1595–1605.Google Scholar
García del Cid, M.A., Prolongo, M.G., Salom, C., Sánchez-Cabezudo, M. & Masegosa, R.M. (2014) Influence of different organoclays on the curing, morphology, and dynamic mechanical properties of an epoxy adhesive. The Journal of Adhesion, 90, 817–834.Google Scholar
Gârea, S.-A., Iovu, H. & Bulearca, A. (2008) New organophilic agents of montmorillonite used as reinforcing agent in epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer Testing, 27, 100–113.Google Scholar
Gârea, S.-A., Iovu, H. & Voicu, G. (2010) The influence of some new montmorillonite modifier agents on the epoxy–montmorillonite nanocomposites structure. Applied Clay Science, 50, 469–475.Google Scholar
Ghodrati, S., Mohseni, M. & Gorji Kandi, S. (2015) Dependence of adhesion strength of an acrylic clear coat on fractal dimension of abrasive blasted surfaces using image processing. Proceedings of The Sixth International Color and Coating Congress, Tehran, Iran. Available at: http://iccc2015.icrc.ac.ir/files/ICCC_Articles2015/cu301se241202.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ghodrati, S., Mohseni, M. & Gorji Kandi, S. (2017) Polymeric blends surface roughness evaluation based on a digital image edge detection algorithm. The Seventh International Colour and Coating, Tehran, Iran. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/323185290_Polymeric_blends_surface_roughness_evaluation_based_on_a_digital_image_edge_detection_algorithmGoogle Scholar
Ghodrati, S., Kandi, S.G. & Mohseni, M. (2018) How accurately do different computer-based texture characterization methods predict material surface coarseness? A guideline for effective online inspection. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 35, 712–725.Google Scholar
Guo, B., Jia, D. & Cai, C. (2004) Effects of organo-montmorillonite dispersion on thermal stability of epoxy resin nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 40, 1743–1748.Google Scholar
Gupta, S., Mantena, P.R. & Al-Ostaz, A. (2010) Dynamic mechanical and impact property correlation of nanoclay and graphite platelet reinforced vinyl ester nanocomposites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 29, 2037–2047.Google Scholar
Gürses, A., Karaca, S., Açikyildiz, M. & Ejder, M. (2009) Thermodynamics and mechanism of cetyltrimethylammonium adsorption onto clayey soil from aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 147, 194–201.Google Scholar
Gürses, A., Karaca, S., Aksakal, F. & Açikyildiz, M. (2010) Monomer and micellar adsorptions of CTAB onto the clay/water interface. Desalination, 264, 165–172.Google Scholar
Guzmán, D., Ramis, X., Fernández-Francos, X. & Serra, A. (2014) New catalysts for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A curing based on thiol–epoxy click reaction. European Polymer Journal, 59, 377–386.Google Scholar
Haddadi, S.A., Mahdavian, M. & Karimi, E. (2015) Evaluation of the corrosion protection properties of an epoxy coating containing sol–gel surface modified nano-zirconia on mild steel. RSC Advances, 5, 28769–28777.Google Scholar
Haruyama, S., Asari, M. & Tsuru, T. (1987) Corrosion protection by organic coatings. Electrochemical Society (ECS) Proceedings, Pennington, NJ, 197–207.Google Scholar
He, H., Ma, L., Zhu, J., Frost, R.L., Theng, B.K. & Bergaya, F. (2014) Synthesis of organoclays: a critical review and some unresolved issues. Applied Clay Science, 100, 22–28.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B., Dietrich, C., Thomann, R., Friedrich, C. & Mülhaupt, R. (2000) Morphology and rheology of polystyrene nanocomposites based upon organoclay. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 21, 57–61.Google Scholar
Hojiyev, R., Ulcay, Y., Çelik, M.S. & Carty, W.M. (2017) Effect of CEC coverage of hexadecyltributylphosphonium modified montmorillonite on polymer compatibility. Applied Clay Science, 141, 204–211.Google Scholar
Hou, Y., Wu, P., Huang, Z., Ruan, B., Liu, P. & Zhu, N. (2014) Successful intercalation of DNA into CTAB-modified clay minerals for gene protection. Journal of Materials Science, 49, 7273–7281.Google Scholar
Jan, I.-N., Lee, T.-M., Chiou, K.-C. & Lin, J.-J. (2005) Comparisons of physical properties of intercalated and exfoliated clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44, 2086–2090.Google Scholar
Kendig, M., Mansfeld, F. & Tsai, S. (1983) Determination of the long term corrosion behavior of coated steel with A.C. impedance measurements. Corrosion Science, 23, 317–329.Google Scholar
Kiliaris, P. & Papaspyrides, C.D. (2010) Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: an overview of flame retardancy. Progress in Polymer Science, 35, 902–958.Google Scholar
Kim, J.-K., Hu, C., Woo, R.S. & Sham, M.-L. (2005) Moisture barrier characteristics of organoclay–epoxy nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 65, 805–813.Google Scholar
Kooli, F., Liu, Y., Alshahateet, S.F., Messali, M. & Bergaya, F. (2009) Reaction of acid activated montmorillonites with hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide solution. Applied Clay Science, 43, 357–363.Google Scholar
Kornmann, X., Lindberg, H. & Berglund, L.A. (2001) Synthesis of epoxy–clay nanocomposites: influence of the nature of the clay on structure. Polymer, 42, 1303–1310.Google Scholar
Kornmann, X., Berglund, L.A., Thomann, R., Mulhaupt, R. & Finter, J. (2002) High performance epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites. Polymer Engineering & Science, 42, 1815–1826.Google Scholar
Kuzak, S.G. & Shanmugam, A. (1999) Dynamic mechanical analysis of fiber-reinforced phenolics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 73, 649–658.Google Scholar
Le Pluart, L., Duchet, J., Sautereau, H. & Gérard, J.F. (2002) Surface modifications of montmorillonite for tailored interfaces in nanocomposites. The Journal of Adhesion, 78, 645–662.Google Scholar
Lin, K.-J., Jeng, U.-S. & Lin, K.-F. (2011) Adsorption and intercalation processes of ionic surfactants on montmorillonite associated with their ionic charge. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 131, 120–126.Google Scholar
Liu, F.-C., Han, E.-H., Ke, W., Tang, N., Wan, J., Yin, G., Deng, J. & Zhao, K. (2013) Polar influence of the organic modifiers on the structure of montmorillonite in epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 29, 1040–1046.Google Scholar
Liu, G., Fan, C., Zhong, J., Zhang, L., Ding, S., Yan, S. & Han, S. (2010) Using hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) modified clays to clean the Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in Lake Taihu, China. Harmful Algae, 9, 413–418.Google Scholar
Liu, J., Thompson, M.R. & Rodgers, W.R. (2014) Evaluating different alkyl ammonium modified organoclays in preparation of TPO nanocomposites with supercritical CO2. Polymer Composites, 35, 1592–1602.Google Scholar
Lv, S., Zhou, W., Li, S. & Shi, W. (2008) A novel method for preparation of exfoliated UV-curable polymer/clay nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 44, 1613–1619.Google Scholar
Ma, L., Zhou, Q., Li, T., Tao, Q., Zhu, J., Yuan, P., Zhu, R. & He, H. (2014) Investigation of structure and thermal stability of surfactant-modified Al-pillared montmorillonite. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 115, 219–225.Google Scholar
Madhup, M.K., Shah, N.K. & Parekh, N.R. (2017) Investigation and improvement of abrasion resistance, water vapor barrier and anticorrosion properties of mixed clay epoxy nanocomposite coating. Progress in Organic Coatings, 102, 186–193.Google Scholar
Mahdavian, M. & Attar, M.M. (2006) Another approach in analysis of paint coatings with EIS measurement: phase angle at high frequencies. Corrosion Science, 48, 4152–4157.Google Scholar
Mahmoodi, A. & Ebrahimi, M. (2018) Role of a hybrid dye–clay nano-pigment (DCNP) on corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings, 114, 223–232.Google Scholar
Mahmoodi, A., Ebrahimi, M., Khosravi, A. & Mohammadloo, H.E. (2017) A hybrid dye–clay nano-pigment: synthesis, characterization and application in organic coatings. Dyes and Pigments, 147, 234–240.Google Scholar
Mahmoodi, A., Ebrahimi, M. & Khosravi, A. (2018) Epoxy/nanopigment coatings: preparation and evaluation of physical–mechanical properties. Progress in Organic Coatings, 119, 164–170.Google Scholar
Marasinghe, L., Croutxé-Barghorn, C., Allonas, X. & Criqui, A. (2018) Effect of reactive monomers on polymer structure and abrasion resistance of UV cured thin films. Progress in Organic Coatings, 118, 22–29.Google Scholar
Motamedi, M. & Attar, M.M. (2016) Nanostructured vanadium-based conversion treatment of mild steel substrate: formation process via noise measurement, surface analysis and anti-corrosion behavior. RSC Advances, 6, 44732–44741.Google Scholar
Motamedi, M., Attar, M.M. & Rostami, M. (2017) Performance enhancement of the oxidized bitumen binder using epoxy resin. Progress in Organic Coatings, 102, 178–185.Google Scholar
Ngo, T.D., Ton-That, M.T., Hoa, S.V. & Cole, K.C. (2009) Preparation and properties of epoxy nanocomposites. I. The effect of premixing on dispersion of organoclay. Polymer Engineering and Science, 49, 666.Google Scholar
Nigam, V., Setua, D.K., Mathur, G.N. & Kar, K.K. (2004) Epoxy–montmorillonite clay nanocomposites: synthesis and characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 93, 2201–2210.Google Scholar
Osman, A.F., Fitri, T.F.M., Rakibuddin, M., Hashim, F., Johari, S.A.T.T., Ananthakrishnan, R. & Ramli, R. (2017) Pre-dispersed organo-montmorillonite (organo-MMT) nanofiller: morphology, cytocompatibility and impact on flexibility, toughness and biostability of biomedical ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 74, 194–206.Google Scholar
Packham, D.E. (2003) The mechanical theory of adhesion. Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 69–93.Google Scholar
Paiva, L.B. & Morales, A.R. (2012) Organophilic bentonites based on argentinean and Brazilian bentonites: part 1: influence of intrinsic properties of sodium bentonites on the final properties of organophilic bentonites prepared by solid–liquid and semisolid reactions. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 29, 525–536.Google Scholar
Paiva, L.B., Morales, A.R., Branciforti, M.C. & Bretas, R.E.S. (2012) Organophilic bentonites based on Argentinean and Brazilian bentonites: part 2: potential evaluation to obtain nanocomposites. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 29, 751–762.Google Scholar
Park, J. & Jana, S.C. (2003) Effect of plasticization of epoxy networks by organic modifier on exfoliation of nanoclay. Macromolecules, 36, 8391–8397.Google Scholar
Pavlidou, S. & Papaspyrides, C.D. (2008) A review on polymer–layered silicate nanocomposites. Progress in Polymer Science, 33, 1119–1198.Google Scholar
Prolongo, M.G., Martínez-Casado, F.J., Masegosa, R.M. & Salom, C. (2010) Curing and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 10, 2870–2879.Google Scholar
Qi, B., Zhang, Q.X., Bannister, M. & Mai, Y.-W. (2006) Investigation of the mechanical properties of DGEBA-based epoxy resin with nanoclay additives. Composite Structures, 75, 514–519.Google Scholar
Rỳznarová, B., Zelenka, J., Lednickỳ, F. & Baldrian, J. (2008) Epoxy–clay nanocomposites: influence of the clay surface modification on structure. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 109, 1492–1497.Google Scholar
Salam, H., Dong, Y., Davies, I. & Pramanik, A. (2016) The effects of material formulation and manufacturing process on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 87, 1999–2012.Google Scholar
Sari, M.G., Ramezanzadeh, B., Shahbazi, M. & Pakdel, A.S. (2015) Influence of nanoclay particles modification by polyester–amide hyperbranched polymer on the corrosion protective performance of the epoxy nanocomposite. Corrosion Science, 92, 162–172.Google Scholar
Seyidoglu, T. & Yilmazer, U. (2015) Modification and characterization of bentonite with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts and its use in polypropylene nanocomposites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 28, 86–110.Google Scholar
Shah, M.V., Pandya, H.J. & Shukla, A.D. (2017) Influence of chemical additives on shrinkage and swelling characteristics of bentonite clay. Procedia Engineering, 189, 932–937.Google Scholar
Sharmila, T.B., Ayswarya, E.P., Abraham, B.T., Begum, P.S. & Thachil, E.T. (2014) Fabrication of partially exfoliated and disordered intercalated cloisite epoxy nanocomposites via in situ polymerization: mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal and barrier properties. Applied Clay Science, 102, 220–230.Google Scholar
Singla, P., Mehta, R. & Upadhyay, S.N. (2012) Clay modification by the use of organic cations. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2, 21.Google Scholar
Sonka, M., Hlavac, V. & Boyle, R. (2014) Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine Vision. Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, USA.Google Scholar
Stojšić, J., Raos, P. & Kalendová, A. (2014) A study of structure and tensile properties of polyamide 12/clay nanocomposites. Polymer Composites, 37, 684–691.Google Scholar
Sun, Z., Park, Y., Zheng, S., Ayoko, G.A. & Frost, R.L. (2013) Thermal stability and hot-stage Raman spectroscopic study of Ca-montmorillonite modified with different surfactants: a comparative study. Thermochimica Acta, 569, 151–160.Google Scholar
Tiwari, R.R., Khilar, K.C. & Natarajan, U. (2008) Synthesis and characterization of novel organo-montmorillonites. Applied Clay Science, 38, 203–208.Google Scholar
Tomić, M.D., Dunjić, B., Likić, V., Bajat, J., Rogan, J. & Djonlagić, J. (2014) The use of nanoclay in preparation of epoxy anticorrosive coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings, 77, 518–527.Google Scholar
Tracton, A.A. (2006) Coatings Materials and Surface Coatings. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.Google Scholar
Triantafillidis, C.S., LeBaron, P.C. & Pinnavaia, T.J. (2002) Thermoset epoxy–clay nanocomposites: the dual role of α,ω-diamines as clay surface modifiers and polymer curing agents. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 167, 354–362.Google Scholar
Veiskarami, M., Sarvi, M.N. & Mokhtari, A.R. (2016) Influence of the purity of montmorillonite on its surface modification with an alkyl-ammonium salt. Applied Clay Science, 120, 111–120.Google Scholar
Wang, K., Chen, L., Wu, J., Toh, M.L., He, C. & Yee, A.F. (2005) Epoxy nanocomposites with highly exfoliated clay: mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms. Macromolecules, 38, 788–800.Google Scholar
Wu, P., Dai, Y., Long, H., Zhu, N., Li, P., Wu, J. & Dang, Z. (2012) Characterization of organo-montmorillonites and comparison for Sr (II) removal: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 191, 288–296.Google Scholar
Xi, Y., Frost, R.L., He, H., Kloprogge, T. & Bostrom, T. (2005) Modification of Wyoming montmorillonite surfaces using a cationic surfactant. Langmuir, 21, 8675–8680.Google Scholar
Xi, Y., Mallavarapu, M. & Naidu, R. (2010) Preparation, characterization of surfactants modified clay minerals and nitrate adsorption. Applied Clay Science, 48, 92–96.Google Scholar
Xie, W., Gao, Z., Pan, W.-P., Hunter, D., Singh, A. & Vaia, R. (2001) Thermal degradation chemistry of alkyl quaternary ammonium montmorillonite. Chemistry of Materials, 13, 2979–2990.Google Scholar
Yan, L.-G., Wang, J., Yu, H.-Q., Wei, Q., Du, B. & Shan, X.-Q. (2007) Adsorption of benzoic acid by CTAB exchanged montmorillonite. Applied Clay Science, 37, 226–230.Google Scholar
Yasmin, A., Abot, J.L. & Daniel, I.M. (2003) Processing of clay/epoxy nanocomposites by shear mixing. Scripta Materialia, 49, 81–86.Google Scholar
Yu, W.H., Ren, Q.Q., Tong, D.S., Zhou, C.H. & Wang, H. (2014) Clean production of CTAB-montmorillonite: formation mechanism and swelling behavior in xylene. Applied Clay Science, 97, 222–234.Google Scholar
Zhou, Q., Frost, R.L., He, H. & Xi, Y. (2007) Changes in the surfaces of adsorbed para-nitrophenol on HDTMA organoclay – the XRD and TG study. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 307, 50–55.Google Scholar
Zhuang, G., Zhang, Z., Guo, J., Liao, L. & Zhao, J. (2015) A new ball milling method to produce organo-montmorillonite from anionic and nonionic surfactants. Applied Clay Science, 104, 18–26.Google Scholar
Zohra, B., Aicha, K., Fatima, S., Nourredine, B. & Zoubir, D. (2008) Adsorption of Direct Red 2 on bentonite modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Chemical Engineering Journal, 136, 295–305.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ghodrati et al. supplementary material

Ghodrati et al. supplementary material

Download Ghodrati et al. supplementary material(File)
File 1.5 MB