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Activation of kaolin with minimum solvent consumption by microwave heating

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

R. Z. Al Bakain ,
Y. S. Al-Degs ,
A. A. Issa ,
S. Abdul Jawad ,
K. A. Abu Safieh  and
M. A. Al-Ghouti
R. Z. Al Bakain
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942, Amman, Jordan
Y. S. Al-Degs
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
A. A. Issa
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
S. Abdul Jawad
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
K. A. Abu Safieh
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
M. A. Al-Ghouti*
Affiliation:
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar
*
*E-mail: Mohammad.alghouti@qu.edu.qa
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Abstract

A kaolin clay was activated with 1.0 M H2SO4 solution at minimum liquid to solid ratio (L/S) using microwave heating. The optimum experimental conditions for activation were L/S ratio 3.0 mL 1 M H2SO4 per gram kaolin, microwave input power 500–600 W, and heating time 5–10 min. Activation at L/S < 3.0 mL/g using 1.0 M H2SO4 was not efficient, indicating the influence of solvent for absorbing microwaves more intensively and thus improving activation. Significant physicochemical changes were observed by the proposed procedure with smaller volumes of activator compared to the conventional heating method. Microwave input power and heating time have a strong influence on the quality of the final material; activation at high input power (>700 W) and longer heating times (>10 min.) are not recommended since they cause dissolution of kaolinite structure. Microwave-heated kaolin manifested better adsorption for tartrazine dye due to improvements in textural and chemical properties of kaolinite. Moreover, irradiation of used kaolinite has significantly improved dye desorption, increasing the importance of microwaves in regeneration/recycling studies. Detailed dielectric measurements of kaolin-acid mixtures recorded at frequencies much lower than 2.45 GHz revealed that absorption of radiation is highly dependent on the activator solution in the mixture. For 3.0 mL/g mixtures, high dielectric constant ε’ 5223, dielectric loss factor ε” 5083, tangent loss tan d 1.30, penetration depth dp 0.57 cm at (103 Hz), and AC-conductivity σ 0.032 Om–1 were determined at 105 Hz. Filling the pores of kaolin by acid solution increased the microwave absorption and hence de-alumination of kaolinite.

Keywords

kaoliniteacid activationmicrowave heatingdielectric propertiessurface characterization
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 49 , Issue 5 , December 2014 , pp. 667 - 681
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2014

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