Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:40:12.690Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Eco-friendly hybrid materials made from Tunisian clay and natural flowers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2022

Amira Amraoui ,
Safa Gamoudi ,
Nieves Baenas ,
Maria Jesus Periago  and
Ezzeddine Srasra
Amira Amraoui
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Composite Materials and Clay Minerals, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole Borj Cédria, B.P. 73, 8027, Soliman, Tunisia
Safa Gamoudi*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Composite Materials and Clay Minerals, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole Borj Cédria, B.P. 73, 8027, Soliman, Tunisia National school of Engineers of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
Nieves Baenas
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
Maria Jesus Periago
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
Ezzeddine Srasra
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Composite Materials and Clay Minerals, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole Borj Cédria, B.P. 73, 8027, Soliman, Tunisia
*
*Email: safagamoudi@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Clay minerals are used widely in health products both as cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients. To optimize use, natural compounds are mixed with clay powder. The aim of the present study was to synthesize new, coloured hybrids based on purified Tunisian clay and powders of natural flowers: Malva sylvestris, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Silene dioica, Anagallis monellin and Pelargonium × hortorum. The floral pigments in Tunisian flowers were studied. The chlorophylls (a and b), total flavonoids (TF), total phenolic compounds (TPC), and carotenoids were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). In addition, the antioxidant capacity was determined using the oxygenated radical absorption capacity assay (ORAC) and the antioxidant capacity to reduce ferric ion assay (FRAP). The properties of the studied clay were evaluated by means of pharmaceutical and microbiological tests. The coloured hybrids were prepared by solid–solid reaction and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Chlorophyll a is present in large quantities in the Malva flower which presents the smallest antioxidant capacity. Chlorophyll b and the TPC are more abundant in the Pelargonium × hortorum. The TF appears in large quantities in the Anagallis flower. The carotenoids are present in the largest amounts in the Chrysanthemum. The results of the clay characterization justify its use as a pharmaceutical and cosmetic agent. The mixture of dried flowers and purified clay is used in the synthesis of new and biocoloured hybrids; these can be used as biocosmetic products without negative side effects on human health or the environment.

Keywords

claycoloured hybridsfloral pigmentsgreen synthesis
Type
Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 57 , Issue 3-4 , September 2022 , pp. 150 - 159
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Chun Hui Zhou

References

Abdel-Motelib, A., Abdel Kader, Z., Ragab, Y.A. & Mosalamy, M. (2011) Suitability of a Miocene bentonite from North Western Desert of Egypt for pharmaceutical use. Applied Clay Science, 52, 140–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amarowicz, R., Pegg, R.B., Moghaddam, P.R., Bral, B. & Weil, J.A. (2004) Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Food Chemistry, 84, 551–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arab, S. & Alshikh, A. (2012) The use of clay minerals of the Dead Sea as drugs. Clay Minerals, 5, 112–115.Google Scholar
Ballero, M., Poli, F., Sacchetti, G. & Loi, M.C. (2001) Ethnobotanical research in the territory of Fluminimaggiore (south-western Sardinia). Fitoterapia, 72, 788–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauernfeind, J.C., editor (1981) Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 938 pp.Google Scholar
Benzie, I.F. & Strain, J.J. (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘antioxidant power’: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergaya, F. & Vayer, M. (1997) CEC of clays: measurement by adsorption of a copper ethylenediamine complex. Applied Clay Science, 12, 275–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böhm, V. (2001) Use of column temperature to optimize carotenoid isomer separation by C30 high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Separation Science, 24, 955–959.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W. & Brown, G., editors (1980) Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-Ray Identification. Monograph 5, Mineralogical Society, London, UK, 504 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carretero, M.I. & Pozo, M. (2009) Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical industry. Part I. Excipients and medical applications. Applied Clay Science, 46, 73–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carretero, M. & Pozo, M. (2010) Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Part II. Active ingredients. Applied Clay Science, 47, 171–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y., Zhou, A., Liu, B. & Liang, J. (2010) Tramadol hydrochloride/montmorillonite composite: preparation and controlled drug release. Applied Clay Science, 49, 108–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choy, J.H., Choi, S.J., Oh, J.M. & Park, T. (2007) Clay minerals and layered double hydroxides for novel biological applications. Applied Clay Science, 36, 122–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, Q., Fu, L., Guan, Y. & Ye, J. (2004) Determination and differentiation of Flos Chrysanthemum based on characteristic electrochemical profiles by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7828–7833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Classen, B. & Blaschek, W. (2002) An arabinogalactan-protein from cell culture of Malva sylvestris. Planta Medicinal, 68, 232–236.Google ScholarPubMed
Cornara, L., Rocca, A., Marsili, S. & Mariotti, M.G. (2009) Traditional uses of plants in the Eastern Riviera (Liguria, Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125, 16–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Couplan, F. & Styner, E, editors (1994) Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques. Delachaux et Niestle, Moudon, Switzerland, 416 pp.Google Scholar
Dailey, H.A., editor (1990) Biosynthesis of Haeme and Chlorophylls. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 594 pp.Google Scholar
Dewanto, V., Wu, X., Adom, K. K. & Liu, R. H. (2002) Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 3010–3014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrell, R.E. (2008) Medicinal clay and spiritual healing. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 751–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gammoudi, S., Frini-Srasra, N. & Srasra, E. (2012) Influence of exchangeable cation of smectite on HDTMA adsorption: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Applied Clay Science, 69, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamoudi, S. & Srasra, E. (2017) Characterization of Tunisian clay suitable for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Applied Clay Science, 146, 162–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamoudi, S. & Srasra, E. (2018) Green synthesis and characterization of colored Tunisian clays: cosmetic applications. Applied Clay Science, 165, 17–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Barrio, R., Periago, M.J., Luna-Recio, C., García-Alonso, F.J. & Navarro-González, I. (2018) Chemical composition of the edible flowers, pansy (Viola wittrockiana) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) as new sources of bioactive compounds. Food Chemistry, 252, 373–380CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, T.W., editor (1976) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments. Academic Press, London, UK, 870 pp.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T.W., editor (1988) Plant Pigments. Academic Press, London, UK, 584 pp.Google Scholar
Govindarajan, M., Hoti, S.L., Rajeswary, M. & Benelli, G. (2016) One-step synthesis of polydispersed silver nanocrystals using Malva sylvestris: an eco-friendly mosquito larvicide with negligible impact on non-target aquatic organisms. Parasitology Research, 115, 2685–2695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, J., editor (1987) Pigments in Fruits. Academic Press, London, UK, 303 pp.Google Scholar
Gross, J., editor (1991) Pigments in Vegetables: Chlorophylls and Carotenoids. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, USA, 351 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, D., Ou, B., Hampsch-Woodill, M., Flanagan, J.A. & Prior, R.L. (2002) High-throughput assay of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) using a multichannel liquid handling system coupled with a microplate fluorescence reader in 96-well format. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 4437–4444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, A.M. & Ghoname, S.I. (2018) Molluscicidal impacts of Anagallis arvensis aqueous extract on biological, hormonal, histological and molecular aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Experimental Parasitology, 192, 36–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Idolo, M., Motti, R. & Mazzoleni, S. (2010) Ethnobotanical and phytomedicinal knowledge in a longhistory protected area, the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (Italian Apennines). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127, 379–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakaya, M.C., Karakaya, N., Sarioğlan, S. & Koral, M. (2010) Some properties of thermal muds of some spas in Turkey. Applied Clay Science, 48, 531–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khaorapapong, N. & Ogawa, M.; (2008) In situ formation of bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) zinc(II) complex in the interlayer spaces of smectites by solid–solid reactions.Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 69, 941–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H.M., Choi, G., Elzatahry, A., Vinu, A., Choy, Y.B. & Choy, J.H. (2016) Review of clay–drug hybrid materials for biomedical applications: administration routes. Clays and Clay Minerals, 64, 115–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kost, H.P., editor (1988) Plant Pigments. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 344 pp.Google Scholar
Kumarasamy, Y., Byres, M, Cox, P.J., Jaspars, M., Nahar, L. & Sarker, S.D. (2007) Screening seeds of some Scottish plants for free radical scavenging activity. Phytotherapy Resources, 21, 615–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, J.P., Lim, Y.H., Su, J., Shen, H.M. & Ong, C.N. (2007) Identification and characterization of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in three Composite plants by LC/DADAPCI/MS. Journal of Chromatography B, 848, 215–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, H.C., Wong, K. & Chen, C.F. (2008) Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 41, 385–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lichtenthaler, H.L. (1987) Chlorophyll and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148, 350–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Galindo, A. & Viseras, C. (2004) Pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications of clays. Interface Science and Technology, 1, 267–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Galindo, A., Viseras, C. & Cerezo, P. (2007) Compositional, technical and safety specifications of clays to be used as pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Applied Clay Science, 36, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madejová, J. & Komadel, P. (2001) Baseline studies of The Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Infrared methods.Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 410–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattioli, M., Giardini, L., Roselli, C. & Desideri, D. (2016) Mineralogical characterization of commercial clays used in cosmetics and possible risk for health. Applied Clay Science, 119, 449–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazza, G. & Miniati, E., editors (1993) Anthocyanins in Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 384 pp.Google Scholar
Modabberi, S., Namayandeh, A., López-Galindo, A., Viseras, C., Setti, M. & Ranjbaran, M. (2015) Characterization of Iranian bentonites to be used as pharmaceutical materials. Applied Clay Science, 116–117, 193–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasiri, E., Hosseinimehr, S.J., Azadbakht, M., Akbari, J., Enayati-Fard, R. & Azizi, S. (2015) Effect of Malva sylvestris cream on burn injury and wounds in rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5, 341–354.Google ScholarPubMed
Navarro-Gonzalez, I., González-Barrio, R., García-Valverde, V., Bautista-Ortín, A.B., Periago, M.J. (2015) Nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity in edible flowers: characterisation of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 805–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngomo, O., Sieliechi, J.M., Tchatchueng, J.B., Kamga, R., Tabacaru, A., Dinica, R. & Praisler, M. (2014) Differences between structural, textural and rheological properties of two Cameroonian mineral clays used as cosmetic mask. Presented at: International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: Advances in Environmental Sciences, Development and Chemistry. Singapore, 1–15 June.Google Scholar
Park, J.K., Choy, Y.B., Oh, J.M., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, S.J. & Choy, J. (2008) Controlled release of donepezil intercalated in smectite clays. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 359, 198–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pusch, R. (2014) Flow and ductility of smectite clay for skin treatment. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 4, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quintela, A., Terroso, D., Da Silva, E. F., & Rocha, F. (2012) Certification and quality criteria of peloids used for therapeutic purposes. Clay Minerals, 47, 441–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. & Hower, J. (1970) the nature of interlayering in mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 18, 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roselli, C., Desideri, D., Rongoni, A., Meli, M.A. & Feduzi, L (2015) Radiological characterization of pharmaceutical and cosmetic clays. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 303, 2291–2296.Google Scholar
Ross, J.A. & Kasum, C.M. (2002) Dietary flavonoids, bioavailability, metabolic effects and safety. Annual Review of Nutrition, 22, 19–34CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salahandish, R., Ghaffarinejad, A. & Norouzbeigi, N. (2016) Rapid and efficient lead (II) ion removal from aqueous solutions using Malva sylvestris flower as a green biosorbent. Analytical Methods, 11, 2315–2544.Google Scholar
Samavati, V. & Manoochehrizade, A. (2013) Polysaccharide extraction from Malva sylvestris and its anti-oxidant activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 60, 427–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sánchez-Espejo, R., Aguzzi, C., Cerezo, P., Salcedo, I., López-Galindo, A. & Viseras, C. (2014) Folk pharmaceutical formulations in western Mediterranean: Identification and safety of clays used in pelotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155, 810–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, L.A., Khattak, N.S., Valenzuela, M.G.S., Manan, A. & Valenzuela Díaz, F.R. (2013) Preparation and characterization of purified Na-activated bentonite from Karak (Pakistan) for pharmaceutical use. Clay Minerals, 48, 595–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shahidi, F. & Wanasundara, P.D. (1992) phenolic antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 32, 67–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sikorska, M., Irena, M. & Rafał, F. (2004) 8-Hydroxyflavonoid glucuronides of Malope trifida. Acta Physiology of Plantarum, 26, 291–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva-Valenzuela, M.G., Matos, C.M., Shah, L.A., Carvalho, F.M.S., Sayeg, I.J. & Valenzuela-Diaz, F.R. (2013) Engineering properties of kaolinitic clay with potential use in drugs and cosmetics. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 3, 163–165.Google Scholar
Silva, P.S.C., Oliveira, S.M.B., Farias, L., Fávaro, D.I.T. & Mazzilli, B.P. (2011) Chemical and radiological characterization of clay minerals used in pharmaceutics and cosmetics. Applied Clay Science, 52, 145–149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, X., Liu, F., Hu, L., Reed, A. H., Furukawa, Y. & Zhang, G. (2017) Evaluation of the particle sizes of four clay minerals. Applied Clay Science, 135, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tateo, F., Summa, V., Giannossi, M.L. & Ferraro, G. (2006) Healing clays: Mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the preparation of clay–water suspension (‘argillic water’). Applied Clay Science, 33, 181–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiwari, S. (2008) Plants: a rich source of herbal medicine. Journal of Natural Products, 1, 27–35.Google Scholar
Tounsadi, H., Khalidi, A., Abdennouri, M. & Barka, N. (2015) Biosorption potential of Diplotaxis harra and Glebionis coronaria L. biomasses for the removal of Cd(II) and Co(II) from aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 822–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Pharmacopoeia 30-NF 25 (2007) US Pharmacopoeia Convention, Rockville, Maryland. 83 ((a) Bentonite, 1066; (b) purified bentonite, 1067; (c) microbial limit test).Google Scholar
Van Olphen, H., editor (1963) An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry. Interscience Publishers, New York, LondonGoogle Scholar
Viegi, L., Pieroni, A., Guarrera, P.M. & Vangelisti, R. (2003) A review of plants used in folk veterinary medicine in Italy as basis for a databank. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89, 221–244.Google ScholarPubMed
Viseras, C., Aguzzi, C., Cerezo, P. & Lopez–Galindo, A. (2007) Uses of clay minerals in semisolid health care and therapeutic products. Applied Clay Science, 36, 37–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viseras, C., Carazo, E., Borrego-Sánchez, A., García-Villén, F., Sánchez-Espejo, R., Cerezo, P. & Aguzzi, C. (2019) Clay Minerals in Skin Drug Delivery. Clays and Clay Minerals, 67, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, L.B., Haydel, S.E., Giese, R.F. & Eberl, D.D. (2008) Chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of French green clays used for healing. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 437–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A.J. & Britton, G., editors (1993) Carotenoids in Photosynthesis. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar