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Origin and formation of kaolin minerals in saprolite of Tertiary alkaline volcanic rocks, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

M. Arslan ,
S. Kadir ,
E. Abdioğlu  and
H. Kolayli
M. Arslan*
Affiliation:
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
S. Kadir
Affiliation:
Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
E. Abdioğlu
Affiliation:
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
H. Kolayli
Affiliation:
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
*
*E-mail: marslan@ktu.edu.tr
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Abstract

Widespread chemical weathering of Tertiary alkaline volcanic rocks in the vicinity of Trabzon (NE Turkey) has led to the formation of well developed reddish-brown saprolite. These saprolites are dominated by kaolin minerals (predominantly kaolinite), with minor quantities of halloysite, pyrophyllite, chlorite, smectite, hematite and illite. Other common minerals are opal-CT, quartz and occasional feldspar, clinopyroxene, hematite and Fe-Mn-Ti oxides. The significant degree of fracturing and fragmentation of primary igneous minerals within the pyroclastic units, and subsequent penetration by reactive fluids, resulted in partial chloritization of clinopyroxene, albitization of plagioclase and precipitation of Fe-Mn-Ti-oxides within fractures and dissolution voids. Kaolin minerals occur as spongy fibrous meshes surrounding partly dissolved volcanic glass and devitrified sub-rounded grains that may be relict allophane. Field observations and mineralogical-chemical characteristics indicate that the alteration of the Tertiary volcanic units of the Black Sea region was controlled by chemical weathering during circulation of oxic meteoric or mixed meteoric and marine waters. Intense fracturing and fragmentation of the pyroclastic rocks resulted in the formation of clay minerals in the upper saprolite level under acidic and largely oxidizing conditions. Incongruent dissolution was associated with the leaching and downward transport of Si, Na, K and Ca and the concentration of Al. In such an environment, early precipitation of halloysite from allophane was probable, and it gradually transformed into kaolinite during aging and progressive weathering.

Keywords

alkaline volcanicsalterationkaolin mineralssaproliteweatheringvolcanic glassEastern PontidesTurkey.
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 41 , Issue 2 , June 2006 , pp. 597 - 617
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2006

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