Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T18:28:21.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Structural Status of Clay Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

L. A. G. Aylmore  and
J. P. Quirk
L. A. G. Aylmore
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Chemistry Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
J. P. Quirk
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Chemistry Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Illite and montmorillonite have been compressed into cores under a pressure of 1200 atm. The structural status of these clays has been examined by means of detailed nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and by means of electron micrographs of fracture surfaces of the clay cores. The subsequent swelling behavior of sodium and calcium clay cores has been analyzed in terms of the model derived from these measurements and the specific surface area of the clay. A generalized theory for the condensation of plate-shaped particles into domains has been proposed.

Measurements of the effect of electrolyte concentration and hydrostatic suction on the swelling of sodium- and calcium-saturated clay cores indicate that diffuse double layer theory may play a significant part in determining the swelling of monovalent clay systems but not divalent clay systems.

The magnitude of the film thicknesses apparently developed in solutions as concentrated as molar and 4 M, where the condition of ideal solutions required by diffuse double layer theory is certainly not fulfilled, seems to indicate that solution uptake is increased by a relaxation of structural strains within the clay matrix on lubrication by solutions. These strains may arise from the distortion of crystals in packing during the drying process. Such relaxations which appear to occur between p F 4 and 3 could initiate the development of a gel structure.

Type
Symposium on the Engineering Aspects of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Clays
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) , Volume 9 , February 1960 , pp. 104 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 1960

References

Aylmorc, L. A. G. and Quirk, J. P. (1959) Swelling of clay-water systems: Nature, v. 183, "pp. 1752–1753.Google Scholar
Barkas, W. W. (1948) The Swelling of Wood under Stress: H.M. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Barrer, R. M. and MacLeod, D. M. (1954) Intercalation and sorption by montmorillonite: Trans. Faraday Soc., v. 50, pp. 980–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biscoe, J. and Warren, B. E. (1942) An X-ray study of carbon black: J. Appl. Phys., v. 13, pp. 364–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolt, G. H. (1956) Physico-chemical analysis of the compressibility of pure clays: Geotechnique, v. 6, pp. 86–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolt, G. H. and Miller, R. D. (1955) Compression studies of illite suspensions: Soil. Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 19, pp. 285–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, C. S. (1955) Nitrogen adsorption experiments on several clay minerals: Soil Sci., v. 79, pp. 331–347.Google Scholar
Croney, D. and Coleman, J. D. (1954) Soil structure in relation to soil suction (p F): J. Soil Sci., v. 5, pp. 75–84.Google Scholar
Emmett, P. H. and Brunauer, S. (1934) The adsorption of nitrogen by iron synthetic ammonia catalysts: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., v. 56, pp. 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, A. C. (1932) The sorption of condensible vapours by porous solids. Part 1, The applicability of the capillary theory: Trans. Faraday Soc., v. 28, pp. 645–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harking, W. D. and Jura, G. (1944) Surface of solids. Extension of the attractive energy of a solid into an adjacent liquid or film, the decrease of energy with distance and the thickness of the films: J. Amer. Chem,. Soc., v. 66, pp. 919–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, U. and Büke, W. (1936) Uber die innerkristalline Quellung und das Basen- austauschvermögen des Montmorillonite: Kolloid-Z., v. 77, II, pp. 238–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J. W. (1955) Water sorption and swelling of clay blocks: J. Soil Sci., v. 6, pp. 200 to 208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyner, L. G. (1949) Scientific and Industrial Glass Blowing and Laboratory Techniques (chap. 12, by Barr, W. E. and Anhorn, V. J.): Instruments Publishing Co., Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Lambe, T. W. (1953) Structure of inorganic soil: Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. 79, paper no. 315.Google Scholar
MacEwan, IX M. C. (1948) Adsorption by montmorillonite and its relation to surface adsorption: Nature, v. 162, pp. 935–936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C. (1954) Short range electrical forces between charged colloid particles: Nature, v. 174, pp. 39–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermot, H. L. and Arnell, J. C. (1955) The adsorption of nitrogen, oxygen and argon by graphite: Canad. J. Chem. v. 33, pp. 913–922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermot, H. L. and Arnell, J. C. (1956) The adsorption of nitrogen by brominated graphite and carbon black: Canad. J. Chem., v. 34, pp. 1114–1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Méring, J. (1946) On the hydration of montmorillonite: Trans. Faraday Soc., v. 42B, pp. 205–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, R. W., Keenan, A. C., and Wood, L. A. (1952) Adsorption of water vapor by montmorillonite, II. Effect of exchangeable ions and lattice swelling as measured by X-ray diffraction: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., v. 74, pp. 1371–1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K. (1954) The swelling of montmorillonite: Disc. Faraday Soc., v. 18, pp. 120–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xorrish, K. and Quirk, J. P. (1954) Crystalline swelling of montmorillonite: Nature, v. 173, pp. 225–256.Google Scholar
Parry, E. H. G. (1959) Latent interparticle forces in clays: Nature, v. 183, pp. 538–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J. P. (1952) Deflocculation of soil colloids: Ph. D. Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Quirk, J. P. (1957) The negative adsorption of chloride ions by clay surfaces: 2nd Aust. Conf. in Soil Sci., Melbourne, v. I, paper no. 26.Google Scholar
Quirk, J. P. and Aylmore, L. A. G. (1960) Swelling and shrinkage of clay-water systems: 7th Int. Cong. Soil Sci. In press.Google Scholar
Quirk, J. P. and Panabokke, C. P. (in press) Pore volume-size distribution and swelling of natural soil aggregates: J. Soil Sci.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. K. (1935) The pi of the water in soil: Trans. 3rd Int. Cong. Soil Sci., v. 2, pp. 37–48.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. K. (1946) Ionic forces in thick films of liquid between charged surfaces: Trans. Faraday Soc. v. 42 B, pp. 219–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terzaghi, Karl (1927) Soil classification for foundation purposes: Trans. 1st Int. Cong. Soil Sci., v. 4, pp. 127–157.Google Scholar
Warkentin, B. P., Bolt, G. H. and Miller, R. D. (1957) Swelling pressure of montmorillonite: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 21, pp. 495–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar