Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T17:28:21.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bleaching Properties of Alumina-Pillared Acid-Activated Montmorillonite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Polycarpos Falaras ,
Fani Lezou ,
Georgios Seiragakis  and
Dimitrios Petrakis
Polycarpos Falaras*
Affiliation:
Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
Fani Lezou
Affiliation:
Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering Department, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 80, Zografou, Athens, Greece
Georgios Seiragakis
Affiliation:
MINERVA S.A. Edible Oils Enterprises, 31 Valaoritou St., 14452 Metamorphosis, Attica, Greece
Dimitrios Petrakis
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45332, Ioannina, Greece
*
E-mail of corresponding author: papi@mail.demokritos.gr
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The bleaching of cottonseed oil by alumina-pillared (Al-pillared) acid-activated clays was investigated. Acid activation of a Ca-rich montmorillonite (CMS STx-1) following treatment with 1, 4, and 8 eq/L sulfuric-acid solutions, as well as subsequent pillaring with alumina, produces new materials. These materials have bleaching properties dependent upon the extent of activation of the clay prior to pillaring. The pillared acid-activated montmorillonites possessed higher bleaching efficiency compared to pillared products of the untreated clay. Mild activation of the montmorillonite matrix, pillaring with the Keggin ion [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+, and calcination temperatures to 500°C produced materials with the best fractional degree of bleaching. Direct comparison to the performance of a commercial bleaching earth (Tonsil Optimum 214, Sud-Chemie AG. Moosburg, Germany) shows that the efficiency of the Al-pillared acid-activated montmorillonite may be improved. The optimization of the bleaching process is achieved via a judicious utilization of intermediate surface area, relatively high acidity, and enhanced pore volume.

Keywords

Acid ActivationAlumina-Pillared MontmorilloniteBleachingClayCottonseed Oil
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 48 , Issue 5 , October 2000 , pp. 549 - 556
Copyright
Copyright © 2000, The Clay Minerals Society

References

American Oil Chemical Society AOCS, (1996) Official Method Cc 8a-52 Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 1996–97 edition Illinois Champaign.Google Scholar
Benesi, H.A. and Winquist, B.H.C., (1978) Surface acidity of solid catalysts Advances in Catalysis 27 97–182.Google Scholar
Boki, K. Kudo, M. Wada, T. and Tamura, T., (1992) Bleaching of alkali-refined vegetable oils with clay minerals Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 69 232–236 10.1007/BF02635892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovey, J. and Jones, W., (1995) Characterization of Al-pillared acid activated clay catalysts Journal of Materials Chemistry 5 2027–2035 10.1039/jm9950502027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breen, C., (1991) Thermogravimetric study of the desorption of cyclohexylamine and pyridine from an acid-treated Wyoming bentonite Clay Minerals 26 473–486 10.1180/claymin.1991.026.4.03.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breen, C. Deane, A.T. and Flynn, J.J., (1987) The acidity of trivalent cation exchanged montmorillonite. Temperature-programmed desorption and infrared studies of pyridine and n-butylamine Clay Minerals 22 169–178 10.1180/claymin.1987.022.2.05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breen, C. Madejova, J. and Komadel, P., (1995) Characterization of moderately acid-treated, size-fractionated montmorillonite and thermal analysis Journal of Materials Chemistry 5 469–474 10.1039/JM9950500469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breen, C. Watson, R. Madejova, J. Komadel, P. and Klapyta, Z., (1997) Acid-activated organoclays: Preparation, characterization and catalytic activity of acid treated tetraal-kylammonium-exchanged smectites Langmuir 13 6473–6479 10.1021/la970507w.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W. and Sempels, R.E., (1977) Preparation and properties of some hydroxy-beidellites Clay Minerals 12 229–237 10.1180/claymin.1977.012.3.05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunauer, S E PH and Teller, E., (1938) Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers Journal of the American Chemical Society 60 309–319 10.1021/ja01269a023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bukka, K. Miller, J.D. and Shabtai, J., (1992) FTIR study of deuterated montmorillonites: Structural features relevant to pillared clay stabilities Clays and Clay Minerals 40 92–102 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J.P. Hausladen, M.C. and Yang, R.T., (1995) Delaminated Fe2O3-pillared clay Journal of Catalysis 151 135–146 10.1006/jcat.1995.1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falaras, P. and Lezou, F., (1998) Electrochemical behavior of acid activated modified electrodes Journal of Electroana-lytical Chemistry 455 169–179 10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00272-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falaras, P. Kovanis, I. Lezou, F. and Seiragakis, G., (1999) Cottonseed oil bleaching by acid activated montmorillonite Clay Minerals 34 221–232 10.1180/000985599546181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falaras, P. Lezou, F. Pomonis, P. and Ladavos, A., (2000) Alpillared acid-activated montmorillonite modified electrodes Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 486 156–165 10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00133-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregg, S.J. and Sing, K.S.W., (1982) Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity, 2nd edition London Academic Press 41–110.Google Scholar
Griffiths, J., (1990) Acid activated bleaching clays Industrial Minerals 55–67.Google Scholar
Gumuskesen, A.S. and Cakaloz, T., (1992) Chemical and physical changes in cottonseed oil during deodorization Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 69 392–393 10.1007/BF02636075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J.H., (1993) A laboratory study of the press effect in adsorptive bleaching Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 70 831–835 10.1007/BF02545339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymore, F.K., (1996) Effects of some additives on the performance of acid activated clays in the bleaching of palm oil Applied Clay Science 10 379–385 10.1016/0169-1317(95)00034-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, W., (1988) The structure and properties of pillared clays Catalysis Today 2 357–367 10.1016/0920-5861(88)85015-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komadel, P. Schmidt, D. Madejova, J. and Cicel, B., (1990) Alteration of smectites by treatments with hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate solutions Applied Clay Science 5 113–122 10.1016/0169-1317(90)90017-J.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, P. Jasra, R.V. and Bhat, T.S.G., (1995) Evaluation of porosity and surface acidity in montmorillonite clay on acid activation Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 34 1440–1448 10.1021/ie00043a053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladavos, A.K. Trikalitis, P.N. and Pomanis, P.J., (1996) Surface characteristics and catalytic activity of Al-pillared (AZA) and Fe-Al-pillared (FAZA) clays for isopropanol decomposition Journal of Molecular Catalysis 106 241–254 10.1016/1381-1169(95)00281-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laszlo, P., (1987) Chemical reactions on clays Science 235 1473–1477 10.1126/science.235.4795.1473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacEwan, D.M.C. Wilson, M.J., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., (1980) Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals Crystal Structure of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 197–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malla, P.B. and Komarneni, S., (1990) Synthesis of highly microporous and hydrophilic alumina-pillared montmorillonite: Water sorption properties Clays and Clay Minerals 38 363–372 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokaya, R. and Jones, W., (1993) Pillared acid-activated clays: Synthesis, characterization and application to chlorophyll adsorption Multifunctional Mesoporous Inorganic Solids 400 425–432 10.1007/978-94-015-8139-4_32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokaya, R. and Jones, W., (1994) Pillared acid-activated particles Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 929–930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokaya, R. and Jones, W., (1995) The microstructure of alumina pillared acid-activated clays Journal of Porous Materials 1 97–110 10.1007/BF00486529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokaya, R. and Jones, W., (1995) Pillared clays and pillared acid-activated clays: A comparative study of physical, acidic, and catalytic properties Journal of Catalysis 153 76–85 10.1006/jcat.1995.1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokaya, R J W and Davis, M., (1993) Chlorophyll adsorption by alumina pillared acid-activated clays Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 70 241–247 10.1007/BF02545302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokaya, R. Jones, W. Davis, M. and Whittle, M., (1993) Preparation of alumina-pillared acid-activated clays and their use as chlorophyll adsorbents Journal of Materials Chemistry 3 381–389 10.1039/jm9930300381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokaya, R J W Davis, M. and Whittle, M., (1994) The mechanism of chlorophyll adsorption on acid-activated clays Journal of Solid State Chemistry 111 157–163 10.1006/jssc.1994.1212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molinard, A. Peeters, K.K. Maes, N. Vansant, E.E. and Vansant, E.E., (1994) Restoring the cation exchange capacity of alumina pillared montmorillonite through modification with ammonium Separation Technology, Proceedings Third International Symposium on Separation Technology Amsterdam Elsevier Science 445–454.Google Scholar
Morgan, D.A. Shaw, D.B. Sidebottom, M.J. Soon, T.C. and Taylor, R.S., (1985) The function of bleaching earths in the processing of palm, palm kernel and coconut oils Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 62 292–299 10.1007/BF02541394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Occelli, M.L. and Tindwa, R.M., (1983) Physicochemical properties of montmorillonite interlayered with cationic ox-yaluminum pillars Clays and Clay Minerals 31 22–28 10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padley, F.B. Gunstone, F.D. Harwood, J.L. and Gunstone, F.D., (1996) Occurrence and characteristics of oils and fats The Lipid Handbook London Chapman & Hall 47.Google Scholar
Petridis, D. Kaviratna, P.D. and Pinnavaia, T.J., (1996) Electrochemistry of alumina pillared clay modified electrodes Journal ofElectroanalytical Chemistry 410 93–99 10.1016/0022-0728(96)04541-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinnavaia, T.J., (1983) Intercalated clay catalysts Science 220 365–371 10.1126/science.220.4595.365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinnavaia, T.J. Tsou, M.-S. Landau, S.D. and Raythatha, R.H., (1984) On the pillaring and delamination of smectite clay catalysts by polyoxo cations of aluminum Journal of Molecular Catalysis 27 195–212 10.1016/0304-5102(84)85080-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, J.L.R., Rossell, J.B. and Pritchard, J.L.R., (1994) Oilseed residues-analysis and properties Analysis of Oilseeds, Fats and Fatty Foods London Elsevier Aplied Science 103–140.Google Scholar
Schutz, A. Stone, W.E.E. Poncelet, G. and Fripiat, J.J., (1987) Preparation and characterization of bidimensional zeolitic structures obtained from synthetic beidellite and hydroxy-aluminum solutions Clays and Clay Minerals 35 251–261 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, D.R. Ungermann, C.B. and Demidowicz, Z., (1984) The adsorption of fatty acids from vegetable oils with zeolites and bleaching clay/zeolite blends Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 61 1372–1379 10.1007/BF02542246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, D.R. Jenkins, D.B. and Ungermann, C.B., (1989) Bleaching with alternative layered minerals: A comparison with acid-activated montmorillonite for bleaching soybean oil Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 66 334–341 10.1007/BF02653285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yariv, S. and Heller-Kalai, L., (1973) IR evidence for migration of protons in H- and organo-montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 21 199–200 10.1346/CCMN.1973.0210309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar