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Illite-Smectite Mixed-Layer Minerals in the Hydrothermal Alteration of Volcanic Rocks: II. One-Dimensional HRTEM Structure Images and Formation Mechanisms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Takashi Murakami ,
Atsuyuki Inoue ,
Bruno Lanson ,
Alain Meunier  and
Daniel Beaufort
Takashi Murakami*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Atsuyuki Inoue
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
Bruno Lanson
Affiliation:
LGIT-Maison des GéoScience, BP53, Université de J. Fourier, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
Alain Meunier
Affiliation:
Hydr ASA-UMR 6532 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 40, av. du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
Daniel Beaufort
Affiliation:
Hydr ASA-UMR 6532 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 40, av. du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: murakami@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
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Abstract

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Smectite illitization was investigated in felsic volcaniclastic rocks from a drill core near the Kakkonda active geothermal system, Japan, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) that provided one-dimensional structure images of mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S) minerals normal to [M0]. Simulated images of a rectorite-like structure revealed that smectite can be distinguished from illite in mixed-layer I-S by HRTEM if the basal spacing of smectite is larger than that of illite. The larger basal spacing of smectite, 1.3 nm under HRTEM, was obtained by intercalation of dodecylammonium ions into smectitic interlayers. In simulated and observed images normal to [hk0], tetrahedral (T) and octahedral (O) cation planes are imaged as dark lines, an illitic interlayer as a bright line, and a smectitic interlayer as a dark line sandwiched between two bright lines.

The samples are from depths of 435 m (5% I; R0), 635 m (35% I; R0), 656 m (62% I; R1), and 756 m (85% I; R3) where % I is the percentage of illite layers in a sample and R is the Reichweite parameter. Sample 435 consisted mostly of smectite, and illite layers occurred, though small in amount, as M1 units (module of type 1, defined as consisting of two polar T-O-T silicate layers with one central illitic interlayer and two, half smectitic interlayers at the outermost surface; the number corresponds to that of central illitic interlayers). The M1 units were dominant and isolated and consecutive smectite layers (>2) were present in sample 635. Sample 656 consisted mostly of packets of M1 units of 1 to 5 layers containing M2 to M5 units occasionally. Isolated or consecutive smectite layers (>2) were not present in 656. Illite layers occurred almost entirely as M1 units in samples 435, 635 and 656, and the number of M1 units increased with increase in % I. Sample 756 was characterized by the presence of M2 to M10 units accompanied by smectitic interlayers at the external surface and the absence of M1 units and isolated smectite layers. The HRTEM data strongly suggest that illitization in a hydrothermal system occurs by precipitation of M1 units for mixed-layer I-S minerals up to 60% I. This does not require the presence of precursor smectite. Illitization of I-S minerals with >60% I proceeds by precipitation of various types of Mn (n ⩾ 2) units. Illite occurs only as Mn (n ⩾ 1) units throughout illitization.

Keywords

Alkylammonium SolvationHRTEMHydrothermal SystemIllite-smectite Mixed-layer MineralsStructure Image
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 53 , Issue 5 , October 2005 , pp. 440 - 451
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2005

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