Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:45:30.605Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Charge of Component Layers of Illite-Smectite in Bentonites and the Nature of End-Member Illite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Jan Środoń ,
Edwin Zeelmaekers  and
Arkadiusz Derkowski
Jan Środoń*
Affiliation:
Institute of Geological Sciences PAN, Senacka 1, 31002 Krakow, Poland
Edwin Zeelmaekers*
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Applied Geology and Mineralogy, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
Arkadiusz Derkowski*
Affiliation:
Institute of Geological Sciences PAN, Senacka 1, 31002 Krakow, Poland
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: ndsrodon@cyf-kr.edu.pl
†Present address: Chevron ETC, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX, USA
†Present address: Chevron ETC, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The nature of component layers of mixed-layer illite-smectite and their possible evolution in the course of illitization have been debated since the 1960s. The present study is a new attempt to solve these problems, using samples collected from diverse geological formations around the world. Twenty three purified illite-smectites from bentonites and hydrothermal rocks, covering the complete range of expandability, were analyzed chemically, including NH4+\$\end{document} determination, and their structural formulae were calculated. The exchangeable cations (EXCH) were plotted vs. the fixed cations (FIX) yielding the following experimental regression:EXCH=−0.43×FIX+0.41(R2=0.98)\$\end{document}

FIX and EXCH depend on the charge of the illite (Qi) and smectite (Qs) interlayers, and the fractions of these interlayers in the bulk clay leading to: EXCH=−Qs/Qi×FIX+Qs\$\end{document}

Analysis of these relations and independent measurements of the total specific surface area (TSSA) indicate that the layer charges of both types do not change in the course of illitization. The smectite layer charge is equal to 0.41 and the illite layer charge is equal to 0.95 per O10(OH)2. End-member illite has a well defined composition that is close to intermediate between muscovite and phengite, with fixed cations content greater than that specified in the AIPEA classification of layer silicates:FIX0.95(Si3.25Al0.75)(Al1.81Fe0.01Mg0.19)O10(OH)2\$\end{document}

The established relationship allows the calculation of the mean number (N) of 2:1 layers in all fundamental particles and also the fraction of smectitic layers (fs) from FIX:N=Qi/(Qi−FIX)fs=(Qi−FIX)/Qi\$\end{document}

N and fs can be used to calculate TSSA, and all three parameters can also be calculated from cation exchange capacity and from X-ray diffraction peak positions, utilizing the regressions established here.

Keywords

CECCharge DensityEGMEIlliteIllite-smectiteLayer ChargeNEWMODSmectiteSpecific Surface AreaSurface AreaWater SorptionXRD
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 57 , Issue 5 , October 2009 , pp. 649 - 671
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2009

References

Aplin, A.C. Matenaar, I.F. McCarty, D.K. and van Der Pluijm, B.A., 2006 Influence of mechanical compaction and clay mineral diagenesis on the microfabric and pore-scale properties of deep-water Gulf of Mexico Mudstones Clays and Clay Minerals 54 500–514 10.1346/CCMN.2006.0540411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardon, C. Bieber, M.T. Cuiec, L. Jacquin, C. Courbot, A. Deneuville, G. Simon, J.M. Voirin, J.M. Espy, M. Nectoux, A. and Pellerin, A., 1983 Recommandations pour la détermination expérimentale de la capacité d’échange de cations des milieux argileux Revue de l’Institut Francais du Pétrole 38 621–626 10.2516/ogst:1983037.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M. Huff, W.D. Kolata, D.R. and Bauert, H., 1995 Nomenclature, stratigraphy, chemical fingerprinting, and areal distribution of some Middle Ordovician K-bentonites in Baltoscandia Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 117 1–13.Google Scholar
Brown, G. and Weir, A.H., 1963 The identity of rectorite and allevardite Proceedings of the 1st International Clay Conference 1 27–37 Stockholm, 1963.Google Scholar
Burchill, P. and Welch, L.S., 1989 Variation of nitrogen content and functionality with rank for some UK bituminous coals Fuel 68 100–104 10.1016/0016-2361(89)90019-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cetin, K. and Huff, W.D., 1995 Layer charge of the expandable component of illite/smectite in K-bentonite as determined by alkylammonium ion exchange Clays and Clay Minerals 43 150–158 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clauer, N. Środoń, J. Franců, J. and Šucha, V., 1997 K-Ar dating of illite fundamental particles separated from illite-smectite Clay Minerals 32 181–196 10.1180/claymin.1997.032.2.02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. and McCarty, D.K., 2007 The nature of structure-bonded H2O in illite and leucophyllite from dehydratation and dehydroxylation experiments Clays and Clay Minerals 55 45–58 10.1346/CCMN.2007.0550104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. and Sakharov, B.A., 1976 X-ray Structural Analysis of Mixed-Layer Minerals Moscow Nauka (in Russian).Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Lindgreen, H. and Salyn, A.L., 1997 Determination of the content and distribution of fixed ammonium in illite-smectite by X-ray diffraction: Application to North Sea illite-smectite American Mineralogist 82 79–87 10.2138/am-1997-1-210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. Sakharov, B.A. Lindgreen, H. and Salyn, A.L., 1997 Sequential structure transformation of illite-smectite-vermiculite during diagenesis of Upper Jurassic shales from the North Sea and Denmark Clay Minerals 32 351–371 10.1180/claymin.1997.032.3.03.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. Środoń, J. and Eberl, D.D., 1997 XRD measurement of mean crystallite thickness of illite and illite/smectite: reappraisal of the Kubler index and the Scherrer equation Clays and Clay Minerals 45 461–475 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V. Eberl, D.D. and Środoń, J., 1998 XRD measurement of mean thickness, thickness distribution and strain for illite and illite/smectite crystallites by the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach technique Clays and Clay Minerals 46 38–50 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. Lindgreen, H. Sakharov, B.A. Jakobsen, H.J. and Zviagina, B.B., 2004 The detailed structure and origin of clay minerals at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Stevns Klint(Denmark) Clay Minerals 39 367–390 10.1180/0009855043940141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. Sakharov, B.A. Salyn, A.L. and Lindgreen, H., 2005 Determination of the content and distribution of fixed ammonium in illite-smectite using a modified X-ray diffraction technique: application to oil source rocks of western Greenland American Mineralogist 90 71–84 10.2138/am.2005.1604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudek, T. and Środoń, J., 1996 Identification of illite/smectite by X-ray powder diffraction taking into account the lognormal distribution of crystal thickness Geologica Carpathica-Series Clays 5 21–32.Google Scholar
Dyal, R.S. and Hendricks, S.B., 1950 Total surface of clays in polar liquids as a characteristic index Soil Science 69 421–432 10.1097/00010694-195006000-00014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guggenheim, S. Adams, J.M. Bain, D.C. Bergaya, F. Brigatti, M.F. Drits, V.A. Formoso, M.L.L. Galán, E. Kogure, T. and Stanjek, H., 2006 Summary of recommendations of nomenclature committees relevant to clay mineralogy: report of the Association Internationale pour l’Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2006 Clay Minerals 41 863–877 10.1180/0009855064140225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. and Mowatt, T.C., 1966 The mineralogy of illites and mixed-layer illite/montmorillonites American Mineralogist 51 825–854.Google Scholar
Inoue, A. Meunier, A. and Beaufort, D., 2004 Illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals in felsic volcaniclastic rocks from drill cores, Kakkonda, Japan Clays and Clay Minerals 52 66–84 10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Lanson, B. Marques-Fernandes, M. Sakharov, B.A. Murakami, T. Meunier, A. and Beaufort, D., 2005 Illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals in the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks: 1. One-dimensional XRD structure analysis and characterization of component layers Clays and Clay Minerals 53 423–439 10.1346/CCMN.2005.0530501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M.L., 1975 Soil Chemical Analysis — Advanced Course Madison, Wisconsin, USA Published by the author.Google Scholar
Laird, D.A. Barak, P. Nater, E.A. and Dowdy, R.H., 1991 Chemistry of smectitic and illitic phases in interstratified soil smectite Soil Science Society of America Journal 55 1499–1504 10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500050050x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindgreen, H. Drits, V.A. Sakharov, B.A. Salyn, A.L. Wrang, P. and Dainyak, L.G., 2000 Illite-smectite structural changes during metamorphism in black Cambrian Alum shales from the Baltic area American Mineralogist 85 1223–1238 10.2138/am-2000-8-916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loucks, R.R., 1991 The bound interlayer H2O content of potassic white micas: Muscovite-hydromuscovite-hydropyrophyllite solutions American Mineralogist 76 1563–1579.Google Scholar
McCarty, D.K. Sakharov, B.A. and Drits, V.A., 2008 Early clay diagenesis in Gulf Coast sediments: new insights from XRD profile modeling Clays and Clay Minerals 56 359–379 10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehra, O.P. and Jackson, M.L., 1959 Constancy of the sum of mica unit cell potassium surface and interlayer sorption surface in vermiculite-illite clays Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 23 101–105 10.2136/sssaj1959.03615995002300020007x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, A. and Velde, B., 1989 Solid solutions in I/S mixed-layer minerals and illite American Mineralogist 74 1106–1112.Google Scholar
Meunier, A. Lanson, B. and Beaufort, D., 2000 Vermiculitization of smectite interfaces and illite layer growth as a possible dual model for illite-smectite illitization in diagenetic environments: a synthesis Clay Minerals 35 573–586 10.1180/000985500546891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., 1997 X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals Oxford-New York Oxford University Press 378 pp.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. and Bain, D.C., 1986 Composition of some smectites and diagenetic illitic clays and implications for their origin Clays and Clay Minerals 34 455–464 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. Wilson, M.J. McHardy, W.J. and Tait, J., 1984 Interstratified clays as fundamental particles Science 225 923–925 10.1126/science.225.4665.923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, A.C.D., 1983 The specific surface of soils determined by water sorption Journal of Soil Science 34 23–32 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1983.tb00809.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orsini, L. and Remy, J.-C., 1976 Utilisation du chlorure de cobaltihexammine pour la determination simultanee de la capacite d’echange et des bases echangeables des sols Science du Sol 4 269–275.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., 1985 NEWMOD: A computer program for the calculation of one-dimensional patterns of mixed-layer clays Hanover, NH 03755, USA R.C. Reynolds.Google Scholar
Sakharov, B.A. Lindgreen, H. Salyn, A.L. and Drits, V.A., 1999 Determination of illite-smectite structures using multispecimen X-ray diffraction profile fitting Clays and Clay Minerals 47 555–566 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, T. Murakami, T. and Watanabe, T., 1996 Change in layer charge of smectites and smectite layers in illite/smectite during diagenetic alteration Clays and Clay Minerals 44 460–469 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slonimskaya, M.V. Drits, V.A. Finko, V.I. and Salyn, A.L., 1978 The nature of interlayer water in fine-dispersed muscovites Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geologicheskaya 10 95–104 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Środoń, J., 1980 Precise identification of illite/smectite interstratifications by X-ray powder diffraction Clays and Clay Minerals 28 401–411 10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J., 1984 X-ray powder diffraction identification of illitic materials Clays and Clay Minerals 32 337–349 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J., 1999 Nature of mixed-layer clays and mechanisms of their formation and alteration Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary Science 27 19–53 10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. and McCarty, D.K., 2008 Surface area and layer charge of smectite from CEC and EGME/H2O retention measurements Clays and Clay Minerals 56 155–174 10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Morgan, D.J. Eslinger, E.V. Eberl, D.D. and Karlinger, M.R., 1986 Chemistry of illite/smectite and end-member illite Clays and Clay Minerals 34 368–378 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Andreoli, C. Elsass, F. and Robert, M., 1990 Direct HRTEM measurementof expandability of mixed-layer illite/smectite in bentonite rock Clays and Clay Minerals 38 373–379 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Elsass, F. McHardy, W.J. and Morgan, D.J., 1992 Chemistry of illite-smectite inferred from TEM measurements of fundamental particles Clay Minerals 27 137–158 10.1180/claymin.1992.027.2.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Eberl, D.D. and Drits, V.A., 2000 Evolution of fundamental particle-size during illitization of smectite and implications for reaction mechanism Clays and Clay Minerals 48 446–458 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Kotarba, M. Biroň, A. Such, P. Clauer, N. and Wójtowicz, A., 2006 Diagenetic history of the Podhale-Orava basin and the underlying Tatra sedimentary structural units (Western Carpathians): evidence from XRD and K-Ar of illite-smectite Clay Minerals 41 747–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Clauer, N. Bana, M. and Wójtowicz, A., 2006 K-Ar evidence for a Mesozoic thermal event superimposed on burial diagenesis of the Upper Silesia Coal Basin Clay Minerals 41 671–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiller, K.G. and Smith, L.H., 1990 Limitations of EGME retention to estimate the surface area of soils Australian Journal of Soil Research 28 1–26 10.1071/SR9900001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B. and Brusewitz, A.M., 1986 Compositional variation in component layers in natural illite/smectite Clays and Clay Minerals 34 651–657 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viczián, I., 1997 Hungarian investigations on the ‘Zempleni’ illite Clays and Clay Minerals 45 114–115 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C.E., 1965 Potassium content of illite Science 147 603–605 10.1126/science.147.3658.603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ylagan, R.F. Altaner, S.P. and Pozzuoli, A., 2000 Reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization associated with hydrothermal alteration from Ponza island, Italy Clays and Clay Minerals 48 610–631 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar