Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:50:48.345Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Composition and Origin of Smectite in Soils Derived from Basalt in Northern Ireland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

D. Curtin  and
G. W. Smillie
D. Curtin
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
G. W. Smillie
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The sand and silt fractions of soils derived from Tertiary basalt in northeastern Ireland exhibit unusually high cation-exchange capacities. Smectite was identified by X-ray powder diffraction in all size fractions and was selectively dissolved by treatment with 1 N HCl and 0.5 N NaOH. Structural formulae, based on chemical analysis of the dissolved material, suggest that the smectite is intermediate in composition between a di- and a trioctahedral mineral and that the octahedral cation occupancy, together with the numbers of Mg and Fe atoms per unit cell, decreases with decrease in particle size of the soil fraction examined. The mean formula for the smectite in the clay separates is:

M+0.40(Si3.33Al0.67)(Al1.07Fe2+0.09 Fe3+0.41Mg0.82)O10(OH)2.

Similar analysis of smectite present in clay-size material separated from weathered basalt rock taken from the bases of the soil profiles showed that it had close to the full trioctahedral occupancy. It is suggested that the soil smectite is a weathering product of the trioctahedral smectite inherited from the weathered basalt.

Резюме

Резюме

Песчаные и илистые фракции почв, полученных из третичного базальта в северовосточной Ирландии, показывают необыкновенно высокие катионо-обменные способности. При помощи рентгеновской порошковой дифракции во фракциях всех размеров был обнаружен смектит, который был селективно растворен путем обработки 1 N НСl и 0,5 N NaOH. Структурные формулы, основанные на химическом анализе растворенного материала, указывают на то, что смектит имеет промежуточный состав между двух- и трехоктаэдрическими минералами и что как катионное заполнение октаэдрических мест, так и количество атомов Mg и Fe в элементарной ячейке уменьшаются с уменьшением размера частиц исследованной фракции почв. Средняя формула для смектита во фракциях глин:

M+0.40(Si3.33Al0.67)(Al1.07Fe2+0.09Fe3+0.41Mg0.82)O10(OH)2.

Похожий анализ смектита, присутствующего в материале размера глины, выделенного из выветренной базальтовой породы основы почвенных профилей, показал, что этот материал был близкий к вполне трехоктаэдрическому заполнению. Можно предположить, что почвенный смектит является продуктом эрозии трехоктаэдрического смектита, унаследованного их выветренного базальта. [Е.С.]

Resümee

Resümee

Die Sand- und Siltfraktion von Böden, die aus tertiäen Basalten in NE Irland entstanden sind, zeigen ein ungewöhnlich großes Kationenaustauschvermögen. Aufgrund der Röntgenpulverdiffraktometerdiagramme handelt es sich in allen Kornfraktionen um Smektit. Der Smektit wurde selektiv durch Behandlung mit 1 N HCl und 0,5 N NaOH gelöst. Strukturformeln, die auf der chemischen Analyse des gelösten Materials beruhen, deuten darauf hin, daß der Smektit in der Zusammensetzung zwischen einem di- und einem trioktaedrischen Smektit liegt, und daß die oktaedrische Platzbesetzung zusammen mit der Zahl tier Mg- und Fe-Atome pro Elementarzelle mit abnehmender Partikelgröße der untersuchten Bodenfraktion abnimmt. Die allgemeine Formel des Smektit aus der Tonfraktion lautet: M+0.40(Si3.33Al0.87)(Al1.07Fe2+0.09Fe3+0,41Mg0,82)O10(OH)2. Eine ähnliche Analyse von Smektit, der aus der Tonfraktion des verwitterten Basalts von der Basis des Bodenprofils genommen wurde, zeigte, daß er eine nahezu vollständige trioktaedrische Besetzung hat. Es wird angenommen, daß der Boden-Smektit ein Verwitterungsprodukt des trioktaedrischen Smektit aus dem verwitterten Basalt ist. [U.W.]

Résumé

Résumé

Les fractions de sable et de vase dérivées d'un basalt Tertiaire d'Irlande du nord-est exhibent des capacités d’échange d’électrons inhabituellement élevées. La smectite a été identifiée par diffraction poudrée aux rayons-X dans les fractions de toutes tailles e t a 6t6 s61ectivement dissolue par un traitement au 1 N HCl et 0,5 N NaOH. Des formules structurales, basées sur une analyse chimique du matériau dissolu suggèrent que la composition de la smectite est entre un minéral di- et trioctaèdre et que l'occupation du cation octaèdre, ainsi que les nombres d'atomes de Mg et Fe par maille décroissent proportionnellement à la décroissance de la taille de particule de la fraction de sol examin'ee. La formule moyenne pour la smectite dans les argiles est: M+0.40(Si3.33Al0.67)(Al1.07Fe2+0.09Fe3+0.41Mg0.82)O10(OH)2. Une analyse semblable de smectite présente dans le matériau de taille de l'argile séparé d'une roche de basalt altérée prise des bases des proviles de sol montre qu'elle avait près de l'occupation trioctaèdre totale. On suggère que la smectite du sol est un produit d'altération de la smectite octaèdre héritée du basalt altéré. [D.J.]

Keywords

BasaltOctahedral occupancySelective dissolutionSmectiteSoilWeathering
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , August 1981 , pp. 277 - 284
Copyright
Copyright © 1981, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Alexiades, C. A. and Jackson, M. L., (1965) Quantitative determination of vermiculite in soils Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29 522–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borchardt, G. A., Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., (1977) Montmorillonite and other smectite minerals Minerals in Soil Environments Madison, Wisconsin Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 293–330.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., (1961) Chlorite minerals The X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals London Mineralogical Society 242–296.Google Scholar
Brown, W. O., (1954) Some soil formations of the basaltic region of Northern Ireland Ir. Natur. J. 11 1–12.Google Scholar
Charlesworth, J. K., (1963) Historical Geology of Ireland Edinburgh and London Oliver and Boyd 371–432.Google Scholar
Curtin, D. (1979) A study of factors influencing the cation exchange properties of Irish soils: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, National University of Ireland, 183 pp.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. B. and Jackson, M. L., (1959) Dissolution of interlayers from intergradient soil clays after preheating at 400°C Science 129 1616–1617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eswaran, H. and De Coninck, F., (1975) Clay mineral formations and transformations in basaltic soils in tropical environments Pedologie 21 181–210.Google Scholar
Evans, L. J. and Smillie, G. W., (1976) Extractable iron and aluminum and their relationship to phosphate retention in Irish soils Ir. J. Agr. Res. 15 65–73.Google Scholar
Frink, C. R., (1965) Characterization of aluminum interlayers in soil clays Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29 379–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genrich, D. A. and Bremner, J. M., (1972) A reevaluation of the ultrasonic-vibration method of dispersing soils Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 36 944–947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene-Kelly, R. and Mackenzie, R. C., (1957) The montmorillonite minerals (smectites) The Differential Thermal Investigation of Clays London Mineralogical Society 140–164.Google Scholar
Grim, R. E., (1968) Clay Mineralogy 2 New York McGraw-Hill 439–440.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, I. Jackson, M. L. and Swineford, A., (1960) Rapid dissolution of allophane and kaolinite-halloysite after dehydration Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 7th Natl. Conf., Washington, D.C., 1958 New York Pergamon Press 102–113.Google Scholar
Kiely, P. V. and Jackson, M. L., (1965) Quartz, feldspar, and mica determination for soils by sodium pyrosulphate fusion Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29 159–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAleese, D. M. (1954) Cationic exchange properties of some soils of North-East Ireland as affected by the nature of the clay and other soil fractions: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Queens University, Belfast, 248 pp.Google Scholar
McAleese, D. M. and McConaghy, S., (1957) Studies on the basaltic soils of Northern Ireland. II. Contribution from the sand, silt and clay separates to cation exchange properties J. Soil Sci. 8 135–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAleese, D. M. and Mitchell, W. A., (1958) Studies on the basaltic soils of Northern Ireland. IV. Mineralogical study of the clay separates (<2 µ) J. Soil Sci. 9 76–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConaghy, S. and McAleese, D. M., (1957) Studies on the basaltic soils of Northern Ireland. I. Cation exchange properties J. Soil Sci. 8 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, R. C., (1960) The evaluation of clay mineral composition with particular reference to smectite Silicates Ind. 25 12–18.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, R. C. and Mackenzie, R. C., (1970) Simple phyllosilicates based on gibbsite- and brucite-like sheets Differential Thermal Analysis New York and London Academic Press 498–537.Google Scholar
Marshall, C. E., (1949) The Colloid Chemistry of Silicate Minerals New York Academic Press 56–66.Google Scholar
Mehra, O. P. Jackson, M. L. and Swineford, A., (1960) Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 7th Natl. Conf. Washington, D.C., 1958 New York Pergamon Press 317–327.Google Scholar
Mering, J. and Gieseking, J. H., (1975) Smectites Soil Components, Vol. 2. Inorganic Components New York Springer-Verlag 97–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, E. M., (1955) The Tertiary lava succession in the northern part of the Antrim plateau Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 57 79–121.Google Scholar
Pruden, G. and King, H. G. C., (1969) A scheme of semi-micro analysis for the major elements in clay minerals, based on modifications to conventional methods of silicate analysis Clay Miner. 8 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, C. I., (1966) Concentration of dioctahedral mica and vermiculite using a fluoride solution Clays & Clay Minerals 14 91–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ristori, G. G. Cecconi, S. Vidrich, V. and Pacifici, G., (1974) Selective dissolution and structural formula derivation of clay vermiculite from some Tuscan soils Clay Miner. 10 279–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawhney, B. L. and Jackson, M. L., (1958) Soil montmorillonite formulas Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 22 115–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J., (1957) A mineralogical study of weathering and soil formation from olivine basalt in Northern Ireland J. Soil Sci. 8 225–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, G. P. L., (1960) The amygdale minerals in the Tertiary lavas of Ireland. III. Regional distribution Mineral. Mag. 32 503–527.Google Scholar
Weaver, C. E. and Pollard, L. D., (1973) The Chemistry of Clay Minerals New York Elsevier 55–86.Google Scholar