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Curved Smectite in Soils from Volcanic ash in Kenya and Tanzania: A Low-Angle X-Ray Powder Diffraction Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

S. J. van der Gaast ,
Chitoshi Mizota  and
J. H. F. Jansen
S. J. van der Gaast
Affiliation:
Netherlands Intitute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
Chitoshi Mizota
Affiliation:
Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 46-02, Fukuoka 812, Japan
J. H. F. Jansen
Affiliation:
Netherlands Intitute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
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Abstract

Low-angle X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements of soil samples, made at controlled relative humidities, showed the presence of major reflections at 20–33, 10–27, and 7–8 Å. The first reflection, which increased in intensity but did not shift in spacing with decreasing relative humidity, represents curved smectite layers. This spacing was also observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The value of 10–27 Å for the second reflection, the 001 reflection of smetite, is unusually high, probably due to poorly stacked, irregularly curved layers. The 7–8-Å reflection originates from kaolinite or dehydrated halloysite, which also contain curved layers. The more curved the layer structure of the smectite, the more difficult it is to detect this phase; therefore the XRD relative peak heights are not directly proportional to the percentages of the smectite.

Keywords

Curved layersKaoliniteLow-angle X-ray powder diffractionSmectiteSoil clayRelative humidityVolcanic ash
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 34 , Issue 6 , December 1986 , pp. 665 - 671
Copyright
Copyright © 1986, The Clay Minerals Society

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