Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T21:15:38.114Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Differentiating Styles of Alteration within Kaolin-Alunite Hydrothermal Deposits of Çanakkale, NW Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Hatice Ünal Ercan ,
Ö. Işik Ece ,
Paul A. Schroeder  and
Zekiye Karacik
Hatice Ünal Ercan
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey Department of Geological Engineering, Selçuk University, Selçuklu, 42250 Konya, Turkey
Ö. Işik Ece*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Paul A. Schroeder
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Zekiye Karacik
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: ece@itu.edu.tr
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The Biga Peninsula of NW Turkey is host to many kaolin and halloysite deposits with mineralization occurring at the intersections of fault zones in contact with Late Eocene-Miocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. Distinguishing between the relative overprinting of hypogene by supergene processes in these deposits is a challenge and important because they affect the physical-chemical properties of minerals and their potential for industrial applications. This study examines the Sarıbeyli-Sığırlı and Bodurlar kaolin deposits in NW Turkey, which were formed from similar volcanics as evidenced by 40Ar/39Ar. Late Eocene (34.2 ± 0.20 Ma) to Early Oligocene (32.7 ± 0.17 Ma) ages for both primary volcanic rocks and alunites are consistent with surrounding rocks in the Çanakkale region. Criteria used to distinguish hypogene alteration from supergene alteration processes come from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), and elemental analyses. Isotopic δ18O depletion and δD enrichment of the Sarıbeyli-Sığırlı deposit suggests that it was more influenced by magmatic waters than was the Bodurlar deposit. The Bodurlar deposit contains a paucity of dickite compared to the Sarıbeyli-Sığırlı deposit, which is evidenced by lower TGA endotherms, higher ratios of XRD intensities for reflections at 1.316 Å and 1.307 Å, distinctive FTIR absorbance bands at 3620 cm− 1 and 3652 cm−1, and relative Raman intensities of the γ1 and γ5 vibrational modes.

A genetic model is proposed whereby these deposits are mainly formed through an acid-sulfate hydrothermal alteration, in what appears to be a volcanic-hydrothermal system. The extent of hydrothermal alteration was controlled by fault density and the initial texture of the volcanic rocks. These steam-heated environments included sulfide-enriched vapors and groundwater mixed to varying degrees in the vadose zone. The Sarıbeyli-Sığrlı and Bodurlar deposits, respectively, contain mineral assemblages that reflect both hypogene (kaolinite, alunite, dickite) and supergene (kaolinite, halloysite, jarosite) processes. These observations offer a basis for comparing and discriminating the relative influence of these two important alteration processes responsible for the formation of kaolin deposits in NW Turkey and around the world.

Keywords

AlterationsAluniteAr-Ar datingÇanakkaleHalloysiteHydrothermalHypogeneSupergeneKaoliniteO, H, and S isotopesTurkey
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 64 , Issue 3 , June 2016 , pp. 245 - 274
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2016

References

Acarlioğlu, S. Kadir, S. Abdioğlu, E. and Arslan, M., 2012 Epithermal-alteration geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Hasandağ (Giresun) area eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 190, 79–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Africano, F. and Bernard, A., 2000 Acid alteration in the fumarolic environment of Usu volcano, Hokkaido, Japan Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 97 475–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Africano, F. van Rompaey, G. Bernard, A. and Le Guern, F., 2002 Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases at Satsuma-Iwo Jima volcano Earth Planets and Space, 54, 275–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ağdemir, N. Kırıkoğlu, M.S. Lehmann, B. and Tietze, J., 1994 Petrology and alteration geochemistry of the epithermal Balya Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, NW Turkey Mineralium Deposita 29 366–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldanmaz, E. Pearce, J.A. Thirlwall, M.F. and Mitchell, J.G., 2000 Petrogenic evolution of Late Cenozoic, post-collisional volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 102 67–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, Dilek, Y., Dilek, Y. and Pavlides, S., 2006 Timing and nature of post collisional volcanism in Western Anatolia and geodynamic implications Post-Collisional Tectonics and Magmatism of the Eastern Mediterranean Region 321–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, and Dilek, Y., 2013 Eocene mafic volcanism in northern Anatolia: Its causes and mantle sources in the absence of active subduction International Geology Review 55 1641–1659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, and Genç, C., 2008 Petrogenesis and time-progressive evolution of the Cenozoic continental volcanism in the Biga Peninsula, NW Anatolia (Turkey) Lithos 102 316–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, S. and Yılmaz, Y., 1998 The Mount Kozak magmatic complex, Western Anatolia Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85 211–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, S. and Yılmaz, Y., 1999 The Kozak Pluton and its emplacement Geological Journal 34 257–274.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, Rogers, N.W. and Kelley, S.P., 2010 Causes and effects of geochemical variations in late Cenozoic volcanism in the Foça volcanic centre, NW Anatolia, Turkey International Geology 52 579–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, Dilek, Y. Genç, C. Sunal, G. Gertisser, R. Furnes, H. Foland, K.A. and Yang, J., 2012 Spatial, temporal and geochemical evolution of Oligo-Miocene granitoid magmatism in western Anatolia, Turkey Gondwana Research 21 961–986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, Sunal, G. Aldanmaz, E. Genç, C. Dilek, Y. Furnes, H. Foland, K.A. Yang, J. and Yıldız, M., 2012 Eocene granitic magmatism in NW Anatolia (Turkey) revisited: New implications from comparative zircon SHRIMP U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and isotope geochemistry on magma genesis and emplacement Lithos 155 289–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arslan, M. Kadir, S. Abdioğlu, E. and Kolaylı, H., 2006 Origin and formation of kaolin minerals in saprolite of Tertiary alkaline volcanic rocks, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey Clay Minerals 41 597–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., Murray, H.H. Bunday, W.M. and Harvey, C.C., 1993 Review of the structural relationships of the kaolin minerals Kaolin Genesis and Utilization Colorado, USA Boulder 25–42.Google Scholar
Balan, E. Delattre, S. Guillaumet, M. and Salje, E.K.H., 2010 Low-temperature infrared spectroscopic study of OH-stretching modes in kaolinite and dickite American Mineralogist 95 1257–1266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, H.L. Seward, T.M., Barnes, H.L., 1997 Geothermal systems and mercury deposits Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 3rd New York John Wiley 699–736.Google Scholar
Beaufort, D. Cassagnabere, A. Petit, S. Lanson, B. Berger, G. Lacharpagne, J.C. and Johansen, H., 1998 Kaolinite-todickite reaction in sandstone reservoirs Clay Minerals 33 297–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beccaletto, L. Bartolini, A.C. Martini, R. Hochuli, P.A. and Kozur, H., 2005 Biostratigraphic data from Çetmi Melange, northwest Turkey: Palaeogeographic and tectonic implications Palaeogeography. Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 221, 215–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, H. and Henley, R.W., 1989 Advances in understanding of epithermal gold-silver deposits, with special reference to the western United States Economic Geology Monograph 6 405–423.Google Scholar
Birkle, P. Satir, M., Erler, A. Ercan, T. Bingol, E. and Orcen, S., 1995 Dating, geochemistry and geodynamic significance of the Tertiary magmatism of the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey Geology of the Black Sea Region Ankara General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration & Chamber of Geological Engineers 171–180.Google Scholar
Bozzola, J.J. and Russell, L.D., 1999 Electron Microscopy: Principles and Techniques for Biologists Boston Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. and Porter, A.R.D., 1978 Occurrence of dickite in Jamaica — ordered and disordered varieties American Mineralogist 63 554–562.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. Kao, C.C. Harrison, J.L. Lipsicas, M. and Raythatha, R., 1986 Relations between structural disorder and other characteristics of kaolinites and dickites Clays and Clay Minerals 34 239–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G.J., Summer, M.E., 2000 The alteration and formation of soil minerals by weathering Handbook of Soil Science Florida, USA CRC press, Boca Raton F3–F76.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. Lowe, D.J., Huang, P.M. and, Y.L. and Summer, M.E., 2012 Alteration, formation and occurrence of minerals in soils Handbook of Soil Sciences. Properties and Processes 2nd Florida, USA CRC press, Boca Raton 20.1–20.72.Google Scholar
Çoban, H. Zekiye, Z. and Ece, O.I., 2012 Source contamination and tectonomagmatic signals of overlapping Early to Middle Miocene orogenic magmas associated with shallow continental subduction and asthenospheric mantle flows in Western Anatolia: A record from Simav (Kütahya) region Lithos 140 119–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortecci, G. Dinelli, E. Bolognesi, L. Boschetti, T. and Ferrara, G., 2001 Chemical and isotopic compositions of water and dissolved sulfate from shallow wells on Vulcano Island, Aeolian Archipelago, Italy Geothermics 30 69–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayal, A., 1984 Mineralogical and petrographic investigation of Yenice (Çanakkale) granite Izmir University of Dokuz Eylül..Google Scholar
Delaloye, M. and Bingoöl, E., 2000 Granitoids from western and northwestern Anatolia: Geochemistry and modeling of geodynamic evolution International Geological Review 42 241–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deyell, C. Rye, R. Landis, G. and Bissing, T., 2005 Alunite and the role of magmatic fluids in the Tambo highsulfidation deposit, El Indio Pascua belt, Chile Chemical Geology 215 185–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dill, H.G. and Bosse, H.R., 2000 Mineralogical and chemical studies of volcanic-related Argillaceous industrial minerals of the Central American Cordillera (western El Salvador) Economic Geology 95 517–538.Google Scholar
Dill, H.G. Bosse, H.R. Henning, K.H. Fricke, A. and Ahrendt, H., 1997 Mineralogical and chemical variations in hypogene and supergene kaolin deposits in a mobile fold belt — The Central Andes of northwestern Peru Mineralium Deposita 32 149–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dill, H.G. Dohrmann, R. Kaufhold, S. and Balaban, S.I., 2015 Kaolinization - a tool to unravel the formation and unroofing of the Pleystein pegmatite-aplite system (SE Germany) Ore Geology Reviews 69 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ece, O.I. and Nakagawa, Z., 2003 Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in Sile region, northern Istanbul, Turkey Part II. Differential mobility of elements. Clay Minerals 38 529–550.Google Scholar
Ece, O.I. Nakagawa, Z. and Schroeder, P.A., 2003 Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile Region, Northern İstanbul, Turkey Part I: Clay mineralogy. Clays and Clay Minerals 51 675–688.Google Scholar
Ece, O.I. and Schroeder, P.A., 2007 Clay mineralogy and chemistry of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Turplu area, Bal.kesir, Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 55 18–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ece, O.I. Schroeder, P.A. Smilley, M.J. and Wampler, J.M., 2008 Acid-sulfate hydrothermal alteration of andesitic tuffs and genesis of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Biga Peninsula, Turkey Clay Minerals 43 281–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ece, O.I. Ekinci, B. Schroeder, P.A. Crowe, D. and Esenli, F., 2013 Origin of the Düvertepe kaolin-alunite deposits in Simav Graben, Turkey: Timing and styles of hydrothermal mineralization Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 255 57–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenberg, S.N. Aagaard, P. Wilson, M.J. Fraser, A.R. and Duthie, D.M.L., 1993 Depth-dependent transformation of kaolinite to dickite in sandstones of the Norwegian continental shelf Clay Minerals 28 325–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ercan, T., 1979 DCenozoic volcanism of Thrace and Aegean islands of the western Anatolia Geological Engineering Bulletin 9 23–46.Google Scholar
Ercan, T. Satır, M. Steinitz, G. Dora, A. Sarifakioglu, E. Adis, C. Walter, H.J. and Yıldırım, M., 1995 Features of Tertiary volcanism observed at Biga Peninsula and GökçCeada, Tavşan Islands, NW Anatolia MTA Bulletin 117 55–86.Google Scholar
Fournier, R.O., Berger, B.R. and Bethke, P.M., 1985 The behavior of silica in hydrothermal solution Geology and Geochemistry of Epithermal Systems 45–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fournier, R.O. and Potter, R.W., 1982 A revised and expanded silica quartz geothermometer Geothermal Resource Council Bulletin 11 3–12.Google Scholar
Fritz, B. Noguera, C., Oelkers, E.H. and Schott, J., 2009 Mineral precipitation kinetics Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Water-Rock Interaction Virginia, USA Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly 371–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, B. Clement, A. Amal, Y. and Noguera, C., 2009 Simulation of the nucleation and growth of simple clay minerals in weathering processes: The NANOKIN code Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73 1340–1358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R.L., 1995 Fourier-Transform Raman spectroscopy of kaolinite, dickite and halloysite Clays and Clay Minerals 43 191–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R.L. Fredericks, P.M. Kloprogge, J.T. and Hope, G.A., 2001 Raman spectroscopy of kaolinites using different excitation wavelengths Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 32 657–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fytikas, M. Giuliani, O. Innocenti, F. Marinelli, G. and Mazzuoli, R., 1976 Geochronological data on recent magmatism of the Aegean Sea Tectonophysics 31 T29–T34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garvelmann, J. Külls, C. and Weiler, M., 2012 A porewaterbased stable isotope approach for the investigation of subsurface hydrological processes Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16 631–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gradstein, F.M. Ogg, J.G. and Smith, A.G., 2004.A Geologic Time ScaleGoogle Scholar
Harris, C. Compton, J.S. and Bevington, S.A., 1999 Oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of kaolinite deposits, Cape Peninsula, South Africa: Low-temperature, meteoric origin Economic Geology 94 1353–1366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatipoğlu, M. Helvacı, C. Chamberlain, S.C. and Babalık, H., 2010 Mineralogical characteristics of unusual "Anatolian" diaspore (zultanite) crystals from the İlbirdaği diasporite deposit, Turkey Journal of African Earth Sciences 57 525–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayba, D.O. Bethke, P.M. Heald, P. Foley, N.K., Berger, B.R. and Bethke, P.M., 1985 Geologic, mineralogic, and geochemical characteristics of volcanic-hosted epithermal precious metal deposits Geology and Geochemistry of Epithermal Systems 129–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heald, P. Foley, N.K. and Hayba, D.O., 1987 Comparative anatomy of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits; acid-sulfate and adularia-sericite types Economic Geology 82 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedenquist, J.W. Matsuhisa, Y. Izawa, E. White, N.C. and Giggenbach, W.F., 1994 Geology, geochemistry, and origin of high sulfidation Cu-Au mineralization in the Nansatsu District, Japan Economic Geology 89 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedenquist, J.W. Arribas, A Jr. and Gonzales-Urien, E., 2000 Exploration for epithermal gold deposits Reviews in Economic Geology 13 245–277.Google Scholar
Hemley, J.J. Hostetler, P.B. Gude, A.J. and Mountjoy, W.T., 1969 Some stability relations of alunite Economic Geology 64 599–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemley, J.J. Montoya, J.W. Marinenko, J.W. and Luce, R.W., 1980 Equilibria in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and some general implications for alteration/mineralization processes Economic Geology 75 210–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henley, R.D. and Ellis, A.J., 1983 Geothermal systems ancient and modern: a geochemical review Earth-Science Reviews 19 1–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henley, R.W. and Berger, B.R., 2011 Magmatic-vapor expansion and the formation of high-sulfidation gold deposits: chemical controls on alteration and mineralization Ore Geology Reviews 39 63–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillier, S. Brydson, R. Delbos, E. Fraser, T. Gray, N. Pendlowski, H. Phillips, I. Robertson, J. and Wilson, I., 2016.Correlations among the mineralogical and physical properties of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) Clay MineralsCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinckley, D.N., 1963 Variability in “crystallinity” values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina Clays and Clay Minerals 11 229–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, V.J. Pickering, S.M. Jr., 1997 Origin and classification of Coastal Plain kaolins, southeastern USA, and the role of groundwater and microbial action Clays and Clay Minerals 45 274–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Utada, A. and Hatta, A., 2012 Halloysite-to-kaolinite transformation by dissolution and recrystallization during weathering of crystalline rocks Clay Minerals 47 373–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, C.T. Helsen, J. Schoonheydt, R.A. Bish, D.L. and Agnew, S.E., 1998 Single-crystal Raman spectroscopic study of dickite American Mineralogist 83 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joswig, W. and Drits, V.A. (1986) The orientation of the hydroxyl groups in dickite by X-ray diffraction. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 1, 19–22.Google Scholar
Joussein, E. Petit, S. Churchman, G.J. Theng, B.K.G. Righi, D. and Delvaux, B., 2005 Halloysite clay minerals — a review Clay Minerals 40 383–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Justet, L. and Spell, T.L., 2001 Effusive eruptions from a large silicic magma chamber: the Bearhead Rhyolite, Jemez volcanic field, NM Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 107 241–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S. and Akbulut, A., 2009 Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Tas-oluk kaolinite deposits in pre-Early Cambrian metamorphites and Neogene volcanites of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Clay Minerals 44 89–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S. and Kart, F., 2009 The occurrence and origin of the Söğüt kaolinite deposits in the Paleozoic Sarıcakaya granite-granodiorite complexes and overlying Neogene sediments (Bilecik, northwestern Turkey) Clays and Clay Minerals 57 311–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S. Erman, H. and Erkoyun, H., 2011 Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and genesis of hydrothermal kaolinite deposits within Neogene volcanites, Kütahya (western Anatolia), Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 59 250–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karacık, Z. Yilmaz, Y. Pearce, J.A. and Ece, O.I., 2008 Petrochemistry of the south Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey International Journal Earth Sciences 97 1181–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaymakçı, N. Aldanmaz, E. Langereis, C. Spell, T.L. Gurer, O.F. and Zanetti, K.A., 2007 Late Miocene transcurrent tectonics in NW Turkey: evidence from paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar dating of alkaline volcanic rocks Geological Magazine 144 379–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogel, J.E., 2014 Mining and processing kaolin Elements 10 189–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krupp, R.E. and Seward, T.M., 1990 Transport and deposition of metals in the Rotokawa geothermal system, New Zealand Mineralium Deposita 25 73–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krushensky, R.D., 1975 Neogene calc-alkaline extrusive and intrusive rocks of the Karalar Yeşiller area, Northwest Anatolia, Turkey Bulletin Volcanologique 39 336–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, W.H. and Barrett, T.J., 1993 Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile element s Journal of Geochemical Exploration 48 109–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., 1989.X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay MineralsGoogle Scholar
Murakami, H. Watanabe, Y. Stein, H., Mao, J. and Bierlein, F.P., 2005 Re-Os ages for molybdenite from the Tepeoba breccia-centered Cu-Mo- Au deposit, western Turkey: Brecciation triggered mineralization Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge Beijing, China Proceedings of the Eight Biennial SGA Meeting 805–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, H.H., 2000 Traditional and new applications for kaolin, smectite, and palygorskite: a general overview Applied Clay Science 17 207–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, H. Bundy, W. and Harvey, C., 1993 Genesis and Utilization of Kaolin. Special Publication No 1 Colorado, USA The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, H. Sumi, K. Katagiri, K. and Iwata, T., 1970 The geological environment of Matsukawa geothermal area, Japan Geothermics 2 221–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okamoto, A. Saishu, H. Hirano, N. and Tsuchiya, N., 2010 Mineralogical and textural variation of silica minerals in hydrothermal flow-through experiments: implications for quartz vein formation Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74 3692–3706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plançon, A. Giese, R.F. and Snyder, R., 1988 The Hinckley index for kaolinites Clay Minerals 23 249–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, A.G., 1990 Petrology of Philippine geothermal systems and the application of alteration mineralogy to their assessment Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 43 279–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz Cruz, M.D. and Moreno, R.L., 1993 Diagenetic kaolinite/dickite (Betic Cordilleras, Spain) Clays and Clay Minerals 41 570–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rye, R.O. Bethke, P.M. and Wasserman, M.D., 1992 The stable isotope geochemistry of acid sulfate alteration Economic Geology 87 225–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoen, R. White, D.E. and Hemley, J.J., 1974 Argillization by descending acid at Steamboat Springs, Nevada Clays and Clay Minerals 22 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, P.A. and Erickson, G., 2014 Kaolin: From ancient porcelains to nanocomposites Elements 10 177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sengör, A.M.C., 1979 Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications Nature 279 590–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981 Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach Tectonophysics 75 181–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyitoglu, G. and Scott, B.C., 1992 Late Cenozoic volcanic evolution of the northeastern Aegean region Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 54 157–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, S.M.F. and Gilg, H.A., 1996 Stable isotope geochemistry of clay minerals Clay Minerals 31 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillitoe, R.H., Kirkham, R.V. Sinclair, W.D. Thorpe, R.I. and Duke, J.M., 1993 Epithermal models: genetic types, geothermal controls and shallow features Mineral Deposit Modeling 403–417.Google Scholar
Simón, M. Martin, F. GarcíLa, I. Bouza, P. Dorronsoro, C. and Auilar, J., 2005 Interaction of limestone grains and acidic solutions from the oxidation of pyrite tailings Environmental Pollution 135 65–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Söylemezoğlu, S., 2010.Kuzey Batı Anadolu’da Çanakkale-Çan yöresi volkanik kayaçlarının jeolojik, petrolojik özellikleri ve evrimin araştırılması. PhD Dissertation, ITU, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Turkey (in Turkish)Google Scholar
Spell, T.L. and McDougall, I., 2003 Characterization and calibration of 40Ar/39Ar dating standards Chemical Geology 198 189–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudacher, T. Jessberger, E.K. Dorflinger, D. and Kiko, J., 1978 A refined ultra-high vacuum furnace for rare gas analysis Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 11 781–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steefel, C.I. and Van Cappellen, P., 1990 A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: The role of nucleation, precursors and Ostwald ripening Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 2657–2677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoffregen, R.E., 1987 Genesis of acid-sulfate alteration and Au-Cu-Ag mineralization at Summitville, Colorado Economic Geology 82 1575–1591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoffregen, R.E. and Alpers, C.N., 1987 Woodhouseite and svanbergite in hydrothermal ore deposits: Products of apatite destruction during advanced argillic alteration Canadian Mineralogist 25 201–211.Google Scholar
Su, C. and Harsh, J.B., 1994 Gibbs free energies of formation at 298°K for imogolite and gibbsite from solubility measurements Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 1667–1677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tardy, Y., Clemente, R.R. and Sunagawa, I., 1982 Kaolinite and smectite stability in weathering conditions Crystal Growth Processes in Sedimentary Environments 295–312.Google Scholar
Thompson, A.J.B. Hauff, P.L. and Robitaille, A.J., 1999 Alteration mapping in exploration: Application of shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 39 13.Google Scholar
Ünal, E., 2010.Genetic investigation and comparison of Kartaldağ and Madendağ epithermal gold mineralizat.on in the Çanakkale Region. M.Sc. Thesis. Middle East Technical University, Institute of Science. Ankara.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., 2010 Physical and chemical characteristics of the host rocks in controlling the mineralization of the Chinkuashih high-sulfidation gold-copper deposits, northeastern Taiwan Journal of Geochemical Exploration 104 61–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yiğit, , 2006 Gold in Turkey — a missing link in Tethyan metallogeny Ore Geology Reviews 28 147–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yiğit, , 2009 Mineral deposits of Turkey in relation to Tethyan Metallogeny: Implications for future mineral exploration Economic Geology 104 19–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yiğit, , 2012 A prospective sector in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Geology and geochronology of mineral deposits in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey Ore Geology Reviews 46 118–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, Y., 1990 Comparison of young volcanic associations of western and eastern Anatolia formed under a compressional regime: a review Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 44 69–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, Y. Genç, S.C. Karacık, Z. and Altunkaynak, S., 2001 Two contrasting magmatic associations of NW Anatolia and their tectonic significance Journal of Geodynamics 31 243–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zotov, A. Mukhamet-Galeev, A. and Schott, J., 1998 An experimental study of kaolinite and dickite relative stability at 150-300°C and the thermodynamic properties of dickite American Mineralogist 83 516–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar