Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-30T22:04:10.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Illite-Smectite Mixed-Layer Minerals in Felsic Volcaniclastic Rocks from Drill Cores, Kakkonda, Japan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Atsuyuki Inoue ,
Alain Meunier  and
Daniel Beaufort
Atsuyuki Inoue*
Affiliation:
HydrASA-UMR 6532 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 40 av. Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
Alain Meunier
Affiliation:
HydrASA-UMR 6532 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 40 av. Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
Daniel Beaufort
Affiliation:
HydrASA-UMR 6532 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 40 av. Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: atinoue@earth.s.chiba-u.ac.jp
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Crystallization processes of the illite-smectite (I-S) mixed-layer mineral series during alteration of felsic vitric materials in volcaniclastic sediments through two drill holes (IT-2 and IT-8) near the Kakkonda active geothermal system, Japan, were examined by optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and oxygen isotope analysis. Temperatures measured through the drill holes increased nearly linearly with depth up to 317°C at the bottom (1700 m) of IT-8. Homogenization temperature measurements of fluid inclusions indicated that the alteration occurred at temperatures similar to the present temperatures. In selected volcaniclastic rocks, excluding andesitic rocks and black shales, clay minerals occurred as glass replacements and pore fillings as seen under SEM and optical microscopy, and exhibited predominantly euhedral hexagonal and elongated forms under TEM, implying that they precipitated in situ through hydrolytic reactions of glass and fluid. Based on XRD examination, I-S minerals showed a sigmoidal variation in illite layer percentage (%I) in the range of ∼150 to 220°C and R0 I-S minerals with intermediate %I between 20 and 40% rarely occurred (where R is the Reichweite parameter). The chemical composition also showed a specific variation with depth. Intermediate clays including smectite and I-S minerals are enriched in Al compared to those reported previously from hydrothermal alteration of almost equivalent parent rocks. The oxygen isotope data indicated that the reacting solution was percolating groundwater in the shallow levels and with fossil seawater in the deeper levels. Furthermore, calculating the fluid/rock (W/R) ratio from the isotope variations revealed that the alteration occurred at a nearly constant W/R ratio condition irrespective of %I. Consequently, the observed specific variations in structure and chemical composition of I-S minerals reflect the compositional variations of fluid participating in the crystallization at given temperatures under the conditions of a given original rock and constant W/R ratio. High pH and Na-rich solutions generated by progressive hydrolytic reactions between felsic glass and groundwater favored the precipitation of Al-rich smectite up to ∼150°C and was followed by precipitation of an aluminous R1 I-S mineral with few intermediate R0 I-S minerals at higher temperatures. The crystallization obeys Ostwald’s step rule behavior of smectite illitization processes under a high geothermal gradient.

Keywords

Alteration of Felsic RocksFluid-rock RatioIllite-smectite Mixed-layer MineralsOstwald’s Step RuleOxygen IsotopePrecipitation
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 52 , Issue 1 , February 2004 , pp. 66 - 84
Copyright
Copyright © 2004, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Altaner, S.P. and Ylagan, R.F., (1997) Comparison of structural models of mixed-layer illite/smectite and reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization Clays and Clay Minerals 45 517–533 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altaner, S.P. Weiss, C.A. and Kirkpatrick, R.J., (1988) Evidence from 29Si NMR for the structure of mixed-layer illite/smectite clay minerals Nature 331 699–702 10.1038/331699a0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., (1980) Structures of layer silicates Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 2–123.Google Scholar
Bauluz, B. Peacor, D.R. and Ylagan, R.T., (2002) Transmission electron microscopy study of smectite illitization during hydrothermal alteration of a rhyolitic hyaloclastite from Ponza, Italy Clays and Clay Minerals 50 157–173 10.1346/000986002760832766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethke, C.M. Vergo, N. and Altaner, S.P., (1986) Pathways of smectite illitization Clays and Clay Minerals 34 125–135 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bish, D.L. and Aronson, J.L., (1993) Paleogeothermal and paleohydrologic conditions in silicic tuff from Yucca Mountain, Nevada Clays and Clay Minerals 41 148–161 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E., (1998) Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesite and a rhyolite to bentonite, in the islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean Sea, Greece Clays and Clay Minerals 46 379–399 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, R.N. and Mayeda, T.K., (1963) The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotope analysis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 27 43–52 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90071-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, H. Peacor, D.R. and Freed, R.L., (1997) Phase relations among smectite, R1 illite-smectite, and illite American Mineralogist 82 379–391 10.2138/am-1997-3-416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essene, E.J. and Peacor, D.R., (1995) Clay mineral thermometry — A critical perspective Clays and Clay Minerals 43 540–553 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, R.L. Sheppard, R.A., Bish, D.L. and Ming, D.W., (2001) Occurrence of zeolites in sedimentary rocks: An overview Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America 217–234 10.1515/9781501509117-008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. and Velde, B., (1995) Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments Origin and Mineralogy of Clays Berlin Springer 268–329 10.1007/978-3-662-12648-6_7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A., (2000) Two-dimensional variations of exchangeable cation composition in the terrigenous sediment, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge Marine Geology 162 501–528 10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00084-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. and Kitagawa, R., (1994) Morphological characteristics of illitic clay minerals from a hydrothermal system American Mineralogist 79 700–711.Google Scholar
Inoue, A. and Utada, M., (1983) Further investigations of a conversion series of dioctahedral mica/smectites in the Shinzan hydrothermal alteration area, northeast Japan Clays and Clay Minerals 31 401–412 10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Kohyama, N. Kitagawa, R. and Watanabe, T., (1987) Chemical and morphological evidence for the conversion of smectite to illite Clays and Clay Minerals 35 111–120 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Velde, B. Meunier, A. and Touchard, G., (1988) Mechanism of illite formation during smectite-to-illite conversion in a hydrothermal system American Mineralogist 73 1325–1334.Google Scholar
Inoue, A. Bouchet, A. Velde, B. and Meunier, A., (1989) Convenient technique for estimating smectite layer percentage in randomly interstratified illite/smectite minerals Clays and Clay Minerals 37 227–234 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Hara, J. and Imai, A., (2001) Genesis of Na-series rock alteration widespread in the southeastern area of Hachimantai geothermal field: water-rock interactions driven by descending groundwater and fossil seawater Shigen-Chishitsu (Journal of Society of Resource Geology Japan) 51 101–120.Google Scholar
Kanisawa, S. Doi, N. Kato, O. and Ishikawa, K., (1994) Quaternary Kakkonda Granite underlying the Kakkonda geothermal field, Northeast Japan Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology 89 390–407 10.2465/ganko.89.390 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kato, O. and Sato, K., (1995) Development of deep-seated geothermal reservoir bringing the Quaternary granite into focus in the Kakkonda geothermal field Shigen-Chihitsu (Journal of Society of Resource Geology Japan) 45 131–144 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Larson, P.B. and Taylor, H.P., (1986) An oxygen isotope study of hydrothermal alteration in the Lake City Caldera, San Juan Mountain, Colorado Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 30 47–82 10.1016/0377-0273(86)90067-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsuhisa, Y., (1979) Oxygen isotopic compositions of volcanic rocks from the east Japan island arcs and their bearing on petrogenesis Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5 271–296 10.1016/0377-0273(79)90020-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsuhisa, Y. Goldsmith, J.R. and Clayton, R.N., (1979) Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartzalbite-anorthite-water Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43 1131–1140 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90099-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morse, J.W. and Casey, W.H., (1988) Ostwald processes and mineral paragenesis in sediments American Journal of Science 288 537–560 10.2475/ajs.288.6.537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muraoka, H. Uchida, T. Sasada, M. Yagi, M. Akaku, K. Sasaki, M. Yasukawa, K. Miyazaki, S. Doi, N. Saito, S. Sato, K. and Tanaka, S., (1998) Deep geothermal resources survey program: Igneous, metamorphic and hydrothermal processes in a well encountering 500°C at 3729 m depth, Kakkonda, Japan Geothermics 27 507–534 10.1016/S0375-6505(98)00031-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutaftschiev, B., (2001) The Atomistic Nature of Crystal Growth Berlin Springer 10.1007/978-3-662-04591-6 368 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, H. Sumi, K., Rybach, L. and Muffler, L.J.P., (1981) Exploration and development at Takinoue, Japan Geothermal Systems: Principles and Case Histories Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons 247–272.Google Scholar
NEDO (1993) Western area of Mt. Iwate. Report of Investigations for Geothermal Exploration and Development, 31, 1289 pp. (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Patrier, P. Papapanagiotou, P. Beaufort, D. Traineau, H. Bril, H. and Rojas, J., (1998) Role of permeability versus. temperature in the distribution of the fine (<0.2 µm) clay fraction in the Chipilapa geothermal system (El Salvador, Central America) Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 72 101–120 10.1016/0377-0273(95)00078-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr., (1985) NEWMOD©: A computer program for the calculation of one-dimensional diffraction patterns of mixed-layered clays 8 Brook Rd., Hanover, New Hampshire, USA R.C. Reynolds.Google Scholar
Savin, S.M. Lee, M. and Bailey, S.W., (1988) Isotopic studies of phyllosilicates Hydrous Phyllosilicates Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America 189–223 10.1515/9781501508998-012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stixrude, L. and Peacor, D.R., (2002) First-principles study of illite-smectite and implications for clay mineral systems Nature 420 165–168 10.1038/nature01155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, H.P. Jr., (1974) The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition Economic Geology 69 843–883 10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, A.B., (1971) Analcime-albite equilibria at low temperatures American Journal of Science 271 79–92 10.2475/ajs.271.1.79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillick, D.A. Peacor, D.R. and Mauk, J.L., (2001) Genesis of dioctahedral phyllosilicates during hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks: I. The Golden Cross epithermal ore deposit, New Zealand Clays and Clay Minerals 49 126–140 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B., (1985) Clay Minerals: A Physico-Chemical Explanation of their Occurrence Amsterdam Elsevier 427 pp.Google Scholar
Watanabe, T., (1981) Identification of illite/montmorillonite interstratifications by X-ray powder diffraction Journal of Mineralogical Society Japan, Special Issue 15 32–41 10.2465/gkk1952.15.Special_32 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, A.F. Chuma, N.J. and Goff, F., (1992) Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles Caldera, New Mexico Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 49 233–253 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90016-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Y. Tillick, D.A. Peacor, D.R. and Simmons, S.F., (2001) Genesis of dioctahedral phyllosilicates during hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks: II. The Broadlands-Ohaaki hydrothermal system, New Zealand Clays and Clay Minerals 49 141–155 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ylagan, R.F. Altaner, S.P. and Pozzuoli, A.P., (2000) Reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization associated with hydrothermal alteration from Ponza island, Italy Clays and Clay Minerals 48 610–631 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar