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Relation Between Swelling, Water Properties and b-Dimension in Montmorillonite-Water Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

Israela Ravina  and
Philip F. Low
Israela Ravina*
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A.
Philip F. Low
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A.
*
†Present address: Soil Science Laboratory, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract

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The b-dimensions of the unit cells of six different Na-saturated montmorillonites were determined by X-ray diffraction at water contents ranging from 0 to 20 g per g of montmorillonite. In every case, the b-dimension increased progressively with water content from its initial value, which was characteristic of each dry montmorillonite, to a final value of ~9•0Å, which was common to all montmorillonites. The latter value was reached when the water contents of the respective montmorillonites were equal to those at maximal swelling. When these water contents were plotted against the corresponding changes in b-dimension, a straight line that passed through the origin was obtained.

Different structure-sensitive properties of the water in montmorillonite-water systems (i.e. the partial specific volume, the amount remaining unfrozen at −5°C and the activation energy required for ions to move through it) were available, as functions of the species of exchangeable cation, from previous studies. Relevant b-dimensions were determined in the present study. It was found that all of these water properties were correlated with the b-dimension of the associated montmorillonite.

Our results indicate that epitaxy exists between the crystal lattices of montmorillonite and adsorbed water and that these lattices undergo mutual adjustment with each increment of water. The resulting loss of free energy causes water adsorption, i.e. swelling, to occur spontaneously. Swelling stops when no further adjustment takes place. This does not happen until the adsorbed water is several hundred angstroms thick and has achieved a preferred configuration.

Résumé

Résumé

La dimension b de la maille de six montmorillonites Na différentes a été mesurée par diffraction X, à des teneurs en eau allant de 0 à 20 g d’eau par g d’argile. Dans chaque cas, la dimension b augmente progressivement avec la teneur en eau, d’une valeur initiale caractéristique pour chacune des montmorillonites à l’état sec, jusqu’à une valeur finale de ~ 9,0 Å commune à tous les échantillons. Cette dernière valeur est atteinte lorsque la teneur en eau est égale, pour chaque montmorillonite, à celle qui assure le gonflement maximum. Lorsque les teneurs en eau sont portées en fonction des variations correspondantes de la dimension b, on obtient une ligne droite qui passe par l’origine.

On dispose, grâce à des travaux antérieurs, de différentes données concernant l’eau dans les systèmes eau-montmorillonite sensibles à la structure de l’eau (par exemple, volume spécifique partiel, quantité d’eau ne gelant pas à-5°C et énergie d’activation requise pour que les ions puissent s’y déplacer). Dans ce travail, on a déterminé les dimensions b correspondantes. On a trouvé que toutes ces propriétés de l’eau sont en corrélation avec la dimension b de la montmorillonite associée.

Nos résultats indiquent qu’il existe une épitaxie entre les réseaux cristallins de la montmorillonite et l’eau adsorbée et que ces réseaux subissent un ajustement mutuel à chaque variation incrémentaire de la teneur en eau. La perte d’énergie libre qui en résulte fait que l’adsorption de l’eau, c’est-à-dire le gonflement, est un phénomène spontané. Le gonflement s’arrête lorsqu’il n’y a plus aucun ajustement. Cette situation n’est pas atteinte tant que l’épaisseur de l’eau adsorbée est inférieure à plusieurs centaines d’angstroems et qu’une configuration préférentielle n’est pas réalisée.

Kurzreferat

Kurzreferat

Die b-Dimensionen der Einheitszellen von sechs verschiedenen Na-gesättigten Montmorilloniten wurde durch Röntgenbeugung bei Wassergehalten von 0 bis 20 g pro g Montmorillonit bestimmt. In jedem Falle nahm die b-Dimension mit zunehmendem Wassergehalt von einem für jeden trockenen Montmorillonit charakteristischen anfänglichen Wassergehalt bis zu einem Endwert von ~ 9,0 Å zu, der allen Montmorilloniten gemeinsam war. Der letztgenannte Wert wurde erreicht wenn die Wassergehalte der betreffenden Montmorillonite gleich denen bei maximaler Schwellung waren. Wurden diese Wassergehalte gegen die entsprechenden Änderungen in der b-Dimension aufgetragen, so wurde eine Gerade erhalten, die durch den Ursprung verlief.

Aus früheren Arbeiten waren verschiedene gefügebedingte Eigenschaften des Wassers in Montmorillonit-Wasser Systemen (d.h. das spezifische Teilvolumen, der bei —5°C ungefroren bleibende Anteil sowie die für den Durchgang erforderliche Aktivierungsenergie der Ionen), als Funktionen der Sorten austauschbarer Kationen, bekannt die belangvollen b-Dimensionen wurden in der gegenwärtigen Arbeit bestimmt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass alle diese Eigenschaften des Wassers in einer Beziehung zu der b-Dimension des betreffenden Montmorillonits standen.

Andere Ergebnisse dueten darauf hin, dass zwischen den Kristallgittern von Montmorillonit und adsorbiertem Wasser Epitaxix besteht, und dass mit jeder Zunahme des Wassergehaltes eine gegenseitige Angleichung dieser Gitter stattfindet. Der sich daraus ergebende Verlust an freier Energie gibt Anlass zu spontaner Wasseradsorption d.h. Quellung. Die Quellung endet wenn keine weitere Angleichung mehr stattfindet. Das erfolgt erst wenn das adsorbierte Wasser einige Hundert Angström stark geworden ist und eine bevorzugte Anordnung erreicht hat.

Резюме

Резюме

b-размеры элементарных ячеек шести различных насыщенных Na монтмориллонитов определялись дифракцией рентгеновских лучей при содержании воды от 0 до 20 гр на 1 гр монтмориллонита. В каждом случае b-размер прогрессивно увеличивался по сравнению с начальной величиной с увеличением содержания воды, что было характерно для каждого сухого монтмориллонита, до конечной величины ~ 9.0 А общей для всех монтмориллонитов. Последняя величина достигалась, когда содержание воды в соответствующих монтмориллонитах равнялось максимальному набуханию. При составлении кривой содержания воды и соответствующих изменений b-размеров, получалась прямая линия, проходящая через начальную величину.

От предыдущих исследований были получены, как функции катионообменных видов, различные структурно-чувствительные свойства воды в системах монтмориллонит/вода, (напр. парциальный удельный объем, незамерзающее при — 5°С количество и требуемая энергия активации для продвижения ионов). Настоящее исследование определило соответствующие b-размеры. Оказалось, что все эти свойства воды согласуются с b-размером соответствующего монтмориллонита.

Наши результаты показывают, что между кристаллическими решетками монтмориллонита и адсорбированной водой существует эпитаксия и что эти решетки взаиморегулируются с каждым увеличением количества воды. Получающаяся в результате потеря энергии причиняет появляющуюся самопроизвольно адсорбцию воды, т.е. набухание. Набухание останавливается, когда регулировка уже не происходит. Это не случается до тех пор, пока адсорбированная вода не будет в несколько сот ангстрем толщиной и не будет достигнута требуемая конфигурация.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , June 1972 , pp. 109 - 123
Copyright
Copyright © 1972, The Clay Minerals Society

Footnotes

*

Journal Paper No. 4348, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station.

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