Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:20:21.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Empathy: At the Heart of the Mind

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Extract

Evelyn is a 35-year-old woman who presented to a psychiatrist with complaints of marriage difficulties. As she described some of these difficulties, she leaned forward, and her psychiatrist responded by changing her body posture and unfolding her arms. Evelyn explained that she had been brought up to be stoic in the face of difficulties. When she described some of the family's early circumstances, her expression became sad and her psychiatrist responded by furrowing her brow. Evelyn's parents had encouraged the kids to be self-reliant and independent; problems were not complained about, they were simply dealt with. At present, however, her situation felt overwhelming. She felt embarrassed to have to talk with a stranger about her marriage. Her psychiatrist reflected back, saying that her early family had obviously given her many strengths, and that it must be difficult to have to ask for help. At that point in the conversation, Evelyn's eyes misted over with tears.

Type
Pearls in Clinical Neuroscience
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Preston, SD, de Waal, FB. Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases. Brain Behav Sci. 2002;25:120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Decety, J, Chaminade, T. Neural correlates of feeling sympathy. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41:127138.Google Scholar
3.Carr, L, Iacoboni, M, Dubeau, MC, Mazziotta, JC, Lenzi, GL. Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:54975502.Google Scholar
4.Decety, J, Jackson, PL. The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2004;3:71100.Google Scholar
5.Leslie, KR, Johnson-Frey, SH, Grafton, ST. Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy. Neuroimage. 2004;21:601607.Google Scholar
6.Hume, D. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press; 1990.Google Scholar
7.Merleau-Ponty, M. Phenomenology of Perception. London, England: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1962.Google Scholar
8.Darwin, C. The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals. London, England: John Murray; 1872.Google Scholar
9.MacLean, PD. A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press; 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Freud, S. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. Collected Works Chronologically Arranged: Works From the Years 1932-1939. vol 16. 1922. Richmond, England: Hogarth Press; 1945.Google Scholar
11.Rogers, CR. The necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change. J Consult Psychol. 1957;21:97103.Google Scholar
12.Havens, L. Forming effective relationships. In: Sabo, AN, Havens, L, eds. The Real World Guide to Psychotherapy Practice. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 2000:1733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Sharma, RM. Empathy—a retrospective on its development in psychotherapy. Aust N ZJ Psychiatry. 1992;26:377390.Google Scholar
14.McDougall, W. An Introduction to Social Psychology. London, England: Methuen; 1923.Google Scholar
15.Gibson, JJ. The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin; 1966Google Scholar
16.Davis, MH. Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press; 1996.Google Scholar
17.Larson, EB, Xin, Y. Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship. JAMA. 2005;293:11001106.Google Scholar
18.Buccino, G, Binkofski, F, Fink, GR, et al.Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. Eur J Neurosci. 2001;13:400404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Iacoboni, M, Molnar-Szakacs, I, Gallese, V, Buccino, G, Mazziotta, JC, Rizzolatti, G. Grasping the intentions of others with one's own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biol. 2005;3:e79.Google Scholar
20.Farrow, TE, Zheng, Y, Wilkinson, ID, et al.Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness. Neuroreport. 2001;12:24332438.Google Scholar
21.Singer, T, Seymour, B, O'Doherty, J, Kaube, H, Dolan, RJ, Frith, CD. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science. 2004;303:11571162.Google Scholar
22.Jackson, PL, Metzoff, AN, Decety, J. How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. Neuroimage. 2005;24:771779.Google Scholar
23.Morrison, I, Lloyd, D, di Pellegrino, G, Roberts, N. Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue? Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2004;4:270278.Google Scholar
24.Adolphs, R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11:231239.Google Scholar
25.Baron-Cohen, S. Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Thetrry of Mind. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press; 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Vollm, BA, Taylor, AN, Richardson, P, et al.Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task. Neuroimage. 2005 08 22; [Epub ahead of print”.Google Scholar
27.Gillberg, CL. The Emmanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1991. Autism and autisticlike conditions: subclasses among disorders of empathy. J Child Psychul Psychiatry. 1992;33:813842.Google Scholar
28.Shamay-Tsoory, SO, Tomer, R, Goldsher, D, Berger, BD, Aharon-Peretz, J. Impairment in cognitive and affective empathy in patients with brain lesions: anatomical and cognitive correlates. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;26:11131127.Google Scholar
29.Adolphs, R, Damasio, H, Tranel, D, Cooper, G, Damasio, AR. A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping. J Neurosci. 2000;20:26832690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.de Quervain, DJ, Fischbacher, U, Treyer, V, et al.The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science. 2004;305:12461247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Stein, DJ. The neurobiology of evil: psychiatric perspectives on perpetrators. Ethn Health. 2000;5:305315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.di Pellegrino, G, Fadiga, L, Fogassi, L, Gallese, V, Rizzolatti, G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp Brain Res. 1992;91:176180.Google Scholar
33.Rizzolatti, G, Arbib, MA. Language within our grasp. Trends Neurosci. 1998;21:188194.Google Scholar
34.Hutchison, WD, Davis, KD, Lozano, AM, Tasker, RR, Dostrovsky, JO. Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2:403405.Google Scholar
35.Pijlman, FT, van Ree, JM. Physical but not emotional stress induces a delay in behavioural coping responses in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2002;136:365373.Google Scholar
36.Insel, TR. A neurobiological basis of social attachment. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;154:726735.Google Scholar
37.Meltzoff, AN, Moore, MK. Explaining facial imitation: a theoretical model. Early Dev Parent. 1997;6:179192.Google Scholar
38.Gallagher, S, Meltzoff, AN. The earliest sense of self and others: Meleau-Ponty and recent developmental studies. Philos Psychol. 1996;9:211233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Hoffman, MS. Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press; 2000.Google Scholar
40.Nicols, S. Mindreading and the cognitive architecture underlying altruistic motivation. Mind Lang. 2001;16:425455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Mehrabian, A, Epstein, N. A measure of emotional empathy. J Pers. 1972;40:525543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34:163175.Google Scholar
43.Mercer, SW, Maxwell, M, Heaney, D, Watt, GC. The consultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure: development and preliminary validation and reliability of an empathy-based consultation process measure. Fam Pract. 2004;21:699705.Google Scholar
44.Halpern, J. From Detached Concern to Empathy: Humanizing Medical Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001.Google Scholar
45.Benbassat, J, Baumal, R. What is empathy, and how can it be promoted during clinical clerkship? Acad Med. 2004;79:832839.Google Scholar