Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T05:39:29.501Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Clinical Pathway Including Psychotherapy Approaches for Managing Emotional Difficulties After Acquired Brain Injury

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Rudi Coetzer
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression, are common after acquired brain injury in adults and can influence long-term outcome. Diagnosis in a brain injury context can be difficult. Ideally, rehabilitation approaches should consider the specific treatment of anxiety and depression as well and may include pharmacotherapy, individual psychotherapy, and family interventions. Psychotherapy, especially in regards to longer-term adjustment to brain injury, may have an important adjunctive role in treatment approaches, but adaptations of techniques may be needed. A clinical pathway is described which can help to raise clinicians' awareness, as well as increase detection rates and consideration of the specific role of individual psychotherapy in this clinical population. However, an important caveat is that clinical pathways should not serve as a substitute, but rather a facilitator, for the process of reasoning about individual patients in everyday clinical practice.

Type
Review Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 14 , Issue 11 , November 2009 , pp. 632 - 638
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Coetzer, R. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical Assessment and Psychotherapy. London, UK: Karnac Books. In press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Koponen, S, Taiminen, T, Portin, R, et al.Axis I and II psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury: A 30-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1315–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Van Reekum, R, Cohen, T, Wong, J. Can traumatic brain injury cause psychiatric disorders? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12:316–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Barker-Collo, SL. Depression and anxiety 3 months post stroke: prevalence and correlates. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22:519–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Gupta, A, Pansari, K, Shetty, H. Post-stroke depression. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56:531–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Lenzi, GL, Altiery, M. Maestrini, I. Post-stroke depression. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008;164:837–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Pewter, SM, Williams, WH, Haslam, C, Kay, JM. Neuropsychological and psychiatric profiles in acute encephalitis in adults. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2007;17:478–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Aniala, H, Loukkola, J, Peltola, J, Korpela, M, Hietaharju, A. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology. 2001;57:496–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Fleminger, S. Long-term psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 2008;42:123–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Hollander, E. Witches, pumpkins and other frightful topics. CNS Spectr 2007;12:730–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Stein, DJ, Moeller, FG. The man who turned bad. CNS Spectr. 2005;10:88–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Mast, BT, Vedrody, S. Poststroke depression: a biopsychosocial approach. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:25–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Hackett, ML, Anderson, CS, House, A, Xia, J. Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;4:CD003437.Google Scholar
14.Hackett, ML, Anderson, CS, House, A, Halteh, C. Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD003689.Google Scholar
15.Gordon, WA, Zafonte, R, Cicerone, K, et al.Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: State of the science. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85:343–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Ben-Yishay, Y. Postacute neuropsychological rehabilitation: a holistic perspective. In: Christensen, AL, Uzzell, BP, eds. International Handbook of Neuropsychological rRhabilitation. London, UK: Kluver Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2000:127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Prigatano, GP. Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Cicerone, KD, Mott, T, Azulay, J, et al.A randomized controlled trial of holistic neuropsychologic rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:2239–2249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Chemerinski, E, Levine, SR. Neuropsychiatric disorders following vascular brain injury. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006;73:1006–1014.Google ScholarPubMed
20.David, D, Szentagotai, A, Lupu, V, Cosman, D. Rational emotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial, posttreatment outcomes and six-month follow-up. J Clin Psychol. 2008;64:728–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Hollon, SD, Jarrett, RB, Nierenberg, AA, Thase, ME, Trivedi, M, Rush, AJ. Psychotherapy and medication in the treatment of adult and geriatric depression: which monotherapy or combined treatment? J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:455–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Bortolotti, B, Menchetti, M, Bellini, F, Montaguti, MB, Berardi, D. Psychological interventions for major depression in primary care: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30:293–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Alderfer, BS, Arciniegas, DB, Silver, JM. Treatment of depression following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20:544–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Starkstein, SE, Mizrahi, R, Power, BD. Antidepressant therapy in post-stroke depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1291–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.IsHak, WW. Clinical pathways for mood and anxiety disorders. CNS Spectr. 2004;9(Suppl 14):18–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Nierenberg, AA, Ostacher, MJ, Huffman, JC, Ametrang, RM, Fava, M, Perlis, RH. A brief review of antidepressant efficacy, effectiveness, indications, and usage for major depressive disorder. J Occup Environ Med. 2008;50:428–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Stein, DJ. Emotional regulation: implications for the psychobiology of psychotherapy. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:195–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Linden, DEJ. How psychotherapy changes the brain – the contribution of functional neuroimaging. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:528–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Bernardo, CG, Singh, V, Thompson, PM. Safety and efficacy of psychopharmacological agents use to treat the psychiatric sequelae of common neurological disorders. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008;7:435–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Lee, HB, Lyketsos, CG, Rao, V. Pharmacological management of the psychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injury. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003;15:359–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Raskind, MA. Diagnosis and treatment of depression comorbid with neurologic disorders. Am J Med. 2008;121(11 Suppl. 2):S28–S37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Ashman, TA, Cantor, JB, Gordon, WA, et al.A randomised controlled trial of sertraline for the treatment of depression in persons with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:733–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Paranthaman, R, Baldwin, RC. Treatment of psychiatric syndromes due to cerebrovascular disease. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006;18:453–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Judd, D, Wilson, SL. Psychotherapy with brain injury survivors: An investigation of the challenges encountered by clinicians and their modifications to therapeutic practice. Brain Inj. 2005;19:437–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Godfrey, HP, Knight, RG, Partridge, FM. Emotional Adjustment Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Stress- Appraisal-Coping Formulation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11:29–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Kahn-Bourne, N, Brown, RG. Cognitive behaviour therapy for the treatment of depression in individuals with brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2003;13:89–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Lincoln, NB, Husbands, S, Trescoli, C, Drummond, AER, Gladman, JRF, Berman, P. Five year follow up of a randomised trial of a stroke rehabilitation unit. BMJ. 2000;320:549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Rasquin, SM, Van de Sande, P, Praamstra, AJ, Van Heugten, CM. Cognitive-behavioural intervention for depression after stroke: five single case studies on effects and feasibility. Neuropsycol Rehabil 2009;19:208–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Wilson, BA, Rous, S, Sopena, S. The current practice of neuropsychological rehabilitation in the United Kingdom. Appl Neuropsychol. 2008;15:229–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Bradbury, CL, Christensen, BK, Lau, MA, Ruttan, LA, Arandine, AL, Green, RE. The efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of emotional distress after acquired brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(12 Suppl.):S61–S68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Gurr, B, Coetzer, BR. The effectiveness of cognitive-behaviour therapy for posttraumatic headaches. Brain Inj. 2005;19:481–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Manchester, D, Wood, RLI. Applying cognitive therapy in neurobehavioural rehabilitation. In: Wood, RLI, McMillan, TM, eds. Neurobehavioural Disability and Social Handicap Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 2001:157–174.Google Scholar
43.Williams, WH, Fleminger, S. Neurorehabilitation and cognitive-behaviour therapy of anxiety disorders after brain injury: An overview and case illustration of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2003;13:133–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Gracey, F, Oldham, P, Kritzinger, R. Finding out if “The ‘me’ will shut down”: Successful cognitive-behavioural therapy of seizure-related panic symptoms following subarachnoid haemorrhage: A single case report. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2007;17:106–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Williams, WH, Evans, JJ, Wilson, BA. Neurorehabilitation for two cases of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2003;8:1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Turnbull, OH, Solms, M. Awareness, desire, and false beliefs: Freud in the light of modern neuropsychology. Cortex. 2007;43:1083–1090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Stern, D. The interpersonal world of the infant. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1985.Google Scholar
48.Kaplan-Solms, K, Solms, M. Clinical Studies in Neuro-psychoanalysis. Introduction to a Depth Neuropsychology. London, UK: Karnac Books; 2000.Google Scholar
49.O'Gorman, M. Two accidents – one survivor: neurological and narcissistic damage following traumatic brain injury. Psychodynamic Practice. 2006;12:133–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Bracy, OL. Counseling and psychotherapy for those with brain injury. J Cognit Rehabil. 1994;12:8–11.Google Scholar
51.Orlinsky, DE, Howard, KI. Unity and diversity among psychotherapies: a comparative perspective. In: Bongar, B, Beutler, LE, eds. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychotherapy. Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1995:3–23.Google Scholar
52.Coetzer, R. Psychotherapy following traumatic brain injury: Integrating theory and practice. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2007;22:39–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Patterson, FL, Staton, AR. Adult-acquired traumatic brain injury: Existential implications and clinical considerations. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2009;31:149–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Langer, KG, Padrone, FJ. Psychotherapeutic treatment of awareness in acute rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1992;2:59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Prigatano, GP. Disturbances of self-awareness and rehabilitation of patients with traumatic brain injury: A 20-year perspective. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20:19–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Miller, L. Psychotherapy of the Brain-injured Patient: Reclaiming the Shattered Self. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company; 1993.Google Scholar
57.Aniskiewicz, A. Psychotherapy for Neuropsychological Challenges. New York, NY: Jason Aronson; 2007.Google Scholar
58.Yeates, GN, Henwood, K, Gracey, F, Evans, J. Awareness of disability after acquired brain injury and the family context. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2007;17:151–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Bowen, C. Family therapy and neuro-rehabilitation: Forging a link. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2007;14:344–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60.Kreutzer, JS, Stejskal, TM, Ketchum, JM, Marwitz, JH, Taylor, LA, Menzel, JC. A preliminary investigation of the brain injury family intervention: impact on family members. Brain Inj. 2009;23:535–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Dawkins, N, Cloherty, M, Gracey, F, Evans, JJ. The factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in acquired brain injury. Brain Inj. 2006;20:1235–1239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Green, A, Felmingham, K, Baguley, IJ, Slewa-Younan, S, Simpson, S. The clinical utility of the Beck Depression Inventory after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2001;15:1021–1028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Homaifar, BY, Brenner, LA, Gutierrez, PM, et al.Sensitivity and specificity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in persons with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:652–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Fleminger, S. Managing agitation and aggression after head injury. BMJ. 2003;327:4–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Nierenberg, AA. Uncertainty and practical reasoning in clinical psychiatry and neuropsychiatry. CNS Spectr. 2009;14:284–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66.World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2001.Google Scholar