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Amerikanizm and the Economic Development of Russia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Hans Rogger
Hans Rogger
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
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Extract

Americans who visited the young Soviet republic during the first dozen or so years of its existence were astonished at the degree of interest, fascination, respect, and even liking that their hosts displayed for them and the United States. “Ours is the only important Government which refuses to grant Russia political recognition,” one of them wrote, “and yet it is our country that Russia emulates and admires.” Another reported that “the word for industrialization is Americanization, and the passion to Ford-ize the Soviet Union is even stronger than the passion to communize it.”

Type
The Transfer of Technology
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , July 1981 , pp. 382 - 420
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1981

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References

This study is part of a project which was generously supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Philosophical Society.

1 The first Maiakovskii quotation is from his “Ran‘she: Teper’,” the second from “Amerikantsy udivliaiutsia.” They appear in Maiakovskii, Vladimi, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow, 1955–1958), II, 98,Google Scholar and X, 89-90, respectively. Translation of the first is by the author. The translation of the second is by Guerney, B. G. and is taken from his An Anthology of Russian Literature (New York, 1960), 40.Google Scholar

2 Kaltenborn, H. V., We Look at the World (New York, 1930), 117Google Scholar; McCormick, Anne O'Hare, The Hammer and the Sickle (New York, 1928), 26.Google Scholar Other examples are to be found in Barghoorn, Frederick C., The Soviet Image of the United States (New York, 1950), 28–33Google Scholar; Lyons, Eugene, Assignment in Utopia (New York, 1937)Google Scholar; Strong, Anna Louise, The First Time in History (New York, 1924)Google Scholar; Thompson, Dorothy, The New Russia (New York, 1928).Google Scholar

3 Hindus, Maurice, Humanity Uprooted (New York, 1929), 355–69Google Scholar; idem.Broken Earth (New York, 1931), 29, 107, 106Google ScholarPubMed; Duranty, Walter, “Talk of Ford Favors Thrills Moscow,” New York Times, 17 02 1928, p. 7Google Scholar; idem, Duranty Reports (New York, 1934), 19, 246Google Scholar; Dreiser, Theodore, Dreiser Looks at Russia (New York, 1928), 76, 52.Google Scholar

4 Dreiser, , Dreiser Looks at RussiaGoogle Scholar; Hindus, , Humanity Uprooted, 355Google Scholar. Henry Ford's 1922 autobiography, My Life and Work (translated as Moia zhizn', moi dostizheniia), had four Russian editions in 1924 alone; an eighth appeared in Leningrad in 1927. His Today and Tomorrow, published in 1926, had at least three Russian editions. The third, published in Leningrad in 1928 under the title Segodnia i zavtra, carried a preface by D. I. Zaslavskii which was designed to counter the infatuation with Ford of which the book at hand was an example. Also see Ledenev, S. G., Preface, Za stankom u Forda (Moscow, 1927)Google Scholar; and Ermanskii, O. E., Legenda o Forde (n.p., n.d.).Google Scholar For other warnings against the excesses of Americanism, see note 74 below.

5 Pogodin, N. F., Temp (1929),Google Scholar in Sobranie dramaticheskikh proizvedenii (Moscow, 1960), I, 27–102.Google Scholar Quotations: I, 46, 77–78. The engineer in the play was patterned after the American engineer John Calder. See the article by Kendall E. Bailes in this issue.

6 II'ia Ehrenburg's Trest D.E. was originally published in Russian in Berlin in 1923. The novel 10 L.S. was written in 1929 and first appeared in the Soviet Union in the journal Krasnaia Nov' in September and October of that year. Soviet editions of Ehrenburg's works accessible to me do not contain the passages cited. They are taken from German versions of the two novels; Trust D.E. (Berlin, 1925), 94Google ScholarPubMed; Das Leben der Autos (Berlin, 1930), 262–75.Google Scholar

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13 Gerschenkron, Alexander, “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,” in The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas, Hoselitz, B. F., ed. (Chicago, 1952), 3–39. Quotations: 23, 25.Google Scholar

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19 The poet Alexander Pushkin, writing in 1834, provided an early example of the horror English industrialism could inspire: “Read the complaints of the English factory workers; your hair will stand on end. How much repulsive oppression, incomprehensible sufferings! What cold barbarism on the one hand, and what appalling poverty on the other. You will think that we are speaking of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids, of Jews working under Egyptian lashes. Not at all: We are talking about the textiles of Mr. Smith or the needles of Mr. Jackson. And note that all this are not abuses, not crimes, but occurrences which take place within the strict limits of legality. It seems there is no creature in the world more unfortunate than the English worker.” Pushkin, A. S., Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v desiati tomakh (Moscow-Leningrad, 1949), VII, 289–90Google Scholar, as cited in Pipes, Richard, Russia under the Old Regime (London, 1974), 149.Google Scholar

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30 Lakier, A. B., Puteshestvie po Severo-Amerikanskim Shtatam, Kanade i ostrovu Kube, 2 vols. (Saint Petersburg, 1859), II, 399.Google Scholar Parts of the book first appeared as articles. A one-volume English translation is now available: Schrier, Arnold and Story, Joyce, A Russian Looks at America. The Journey of Aleksandr Borisovich Lakier in 1857 (Chicago, 1979).Google Scholar

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33 Ibid., 11,153, 140; I, 245–47.

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41 A graduate in mathematics of Moscow University, E. R. Tsimmerman made his first American trip in 1857–58, a second in 1869–70, and a third in 1884. He published numerous articles on his travels, two books, and a study of American agriculture: Puteshestvie po Amerike v 1869–1870 g. (Moscow, 1872)Google Scholar; Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoi Ameriki; iz puteshestvii 1857–58 i 1869–70 godov (Moscow, 1873)Google Scholar; Ocherki amerikanskogo sel's-kogo khoziaistva (Moscow, 1897).Google Scholar

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46 Ibid., 129.

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50 Mendeleev, D. I., Neftianaia promyshlennost' v Severo-Amerikanskom Shtate Pensilvanii i na Kavkaze (Saint Petersburg, 1877), xiii-xiv, 62ff.Google Scholar; idem, Raboty po sel'skomu khoziaistvu i lesovodstvu (Moscow, 1954), 541Google Scholar; idem, Sochineniia (Leningrad, 1937–1952), XX, 501.Google Scholar

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52 Ianzhul, I. I., Vospominaniia (Saint Petersburg, 1910–1911), II, 126.Google Scholar

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60 Ozerov, , Chemu uchit nas Amerika? (Moscow, 1908), 19Google Scholar; idem, “My i Amerika,” in his Novaia Rossiia (Petrograd, 1916), 73–87.Google Scholar

61 Chekhov, A. P., Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem (Moscow, 1944–1950), XVI, 133Google Scholar; Tverskoi, , Ocherki, 419–28.Google Scholar

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64 Rougle, , Three Russians, 74–75Google Scholar; Vol'skii, N. V. (N. Valentinov) Dva goda s simvolistami (Stanford, 1969), 232–34.Google Scholar

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