Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:16:35.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Developmental Democracy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Richard L. Sklar
Richard L. Sklar
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Political science has become a dismal science for most of the world. In the proverbial third world, where most people live, the “physical quality of life” is often abysmal and liable to further deterioration. Steeped in “realism,” political science foretells a future of dictatorial rule for most of those who face the prospect of increasing physical misery.

Type
The Politics of Change
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , October 1987 , pp. 686 - 714
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

The author is grateful to Sean I. Gordon for his valuable research assistance on business and labor, and to Gerald J. Bender, Courtney Brown, C. R. D. Halisi, Cobie A. Harris, and Martin J. Sklar for sharing their thoughts.

1 Morris, Morris David, Measuring the Condition of the World's Poor (New York: Pergamon Press, 1979)Google Scholar.

2 Gregor, A. James, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)Google Scholar.

3 O’Donnell, Guillermo A., Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973)Google Scholar.

4 Jackson, Robert H. and Rosberg, Carl G., Personal Rule in Black Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982)Google Scholar.

5 Huntington, Samuel P., “Will More Countries Become Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly, 99:2 (Summer 1984), 218CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 Kedourie, Elie, The Crossman Confessions and Other Essays in Politics, History, and Religion (London: Mansell, 1984), 119–36Google Scholar.

7 International Labour Organization, World Labour Report (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1984), I, 1–32Google Scholar.

8 Brown, Lester R. et al. , State of the World, 1985 (New York: Norton, 1985), 4Google Scholar.

9 Brodie, Bernard, War and Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1973), 452Google Scholar.

10 Chenery, Hollis, Structural Change and Development Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), ch. 7Google Scholar; see Lofchie, Michael F. and Commins, Stephen K., “Food Deficits and Agricultural Policies in Tropical Africa,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 20:1 (03 1982), 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Hirschman, Albert O., The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958)Google Scholar; see Nove, Alec, The Economics of Feasible Socialism (London: Allen and Unwin, 1983), 192CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 International Labour Organization, International Labour Office, Employment, Growth, and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem (New York: Praeger, 1977)Google Scholar; see Streeten, Paul et al. , First Things First: Meeting Basic Human Needs in the Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981)Google Scholar; and Stewart, Frances, Basic Needs in Developing Countries (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985)Google Scholar.

13 Binder, Leonard et al. , Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971)Google Scholar; Huntington, Samuel P. and Dominguez, Jorge I., “Political Development,” in Macropolitical Theory, Vol. III of Handbook of Political Science, Greenstein, Fred I. and Polsby, Nelson W., eds. (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), ch. 1Google Scholar.

14 For example, Desai, A. R., “Need for Revaluation of the Concept,” in Comparative Modernization, Black, Cyril E., ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1976), 89–103Google Scholar; Portes, Alejandro, “On the Sociology of National Development: Theories and Issues,” American Journal of Sociology, 82:1 (07 1976), 55–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Ake, Claude, Social Science as Imperialism (Ibadan, Nigeria: Ibadan University Press, 1979), ii–viGoogle Scholar.

16 Oyovbaire, Egite S., “The Tyranny of Borrowed Paradigms and the Responsibility of Political Science: The Nigerian Experience,” in Political Science in Africa: A Critical Review, Barongo, Yolamu, ed. (London: Zed Press, 1983), ch. 17Google Scholar.

17 Catlin, George E. Gordon, Systematic Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962), 156–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Dahl, Robert A., Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971)Google Scholar; Lindblom, Charles E., Politics and Markets (New York: Basic Books, 1977)Google Scholar.

19 Dahl, , Polyarchy. 82, 103Google Scholar.

20 Almond, Gabriel A. and Jr.Powell, G. Bingham, Comparative Politics, 2d ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), ch. 13Google Scholar; Huntington, Samuel P. and Nelson, Joan M., No Easy Choice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Almond, and Powell, , Comparative Politics, 369–70Google Scholar; see Hirschman, Albert O., Journeys toward Progress (New York: The Twentieth-Century Fund, 1963)Google Scholar.

22 Lipset, Seymour Martin, Political Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960)Google Scholar; see Pennock, J. Roland, Democratic Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), ch. 6Google Scholar.

23 Dahl, Robert A., A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956)Google Scholar; Pennock, Democratic Political Theory.

24 Dahl, Polyarchy; Lijphart, Arend, Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984)Google ScholarPubMed.

25 Lijphart, , Democracies, 37Google Scholar.

26 Gastil, Raymond D., ed., Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1980 (New York: Freedom House, 1980)Google Scholar.

27 Lijphart, , Democracies, 38Google Scholar.

28 Weiner, Myron, India at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1977 (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1978)Google Scholar; idem, India at the Polls, 1980: A Study of the Parliamentary Elections (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1980)Google Scholar.

29 Joseph, Richard A., “Class, State, and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria,” The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 21:3 (11 1983), 21–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 Diamond, Larry, “Nigeria in Search of Democracy,” Foreign Affairs 62:4 (Spring 1984), 905–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Shyllon, Folarin and Obasanjo, Olusegun et al. , The Demise of the Rule of Law in Nigeria under the Military: Two Points of View (Ibadan, Nigeria: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 1980)Google Scholar.

32 Wormuth, Francis D., The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism (New York: Harper, 1949)Google Scholar.

33 Rudolph, Lloyd and Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, “Judicial Review versus Parliamentary Sovereignty: The Struggle over Stateness in India,” The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 19:3 (11 1981), 231–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 Ibid., 244.

35 Achike, Okay, Groundwork of Military Law and Military Rule in Nigeria (Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Press, 1978), 180–85Google Scholar.

36 Gastil, Raymond D., ed., Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1983–1984 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984), 364Google Scholar.

37 Sklar, Richaid L., “Reds and Rights: Zimbabwe's Experiment,” Issue: A Journal of Africanist Opinion, 14 (1985), 29–33Google Scholar.

38 Caiden, Gerald E., ed., Country Surveys, Vol. II of International Handbook of the Ombudsman (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983), xviGoogle Scholar.

39 Scott, Ian, “Ombudsmen in Underdeveloped Countries,” in Country Surveys, Caiden, , ed., 309Google Scholar.

40 Ibid., 314.

41 Adamolekun, Ladipo O., “Nigeria,” in Country Surveys, Caiden, , ed., 147–58Google Scholar.

42 Gastil, , Freedom … 1983–1984, 374Google Scholar.

43 Jain, S. N., “India,” in Country Surveys, Caiden, , ed., 317–320Google Scholar.

44 Elazar, Daniel J., ed., Federalism and Political Integration (Ramat Gan, Israel: Turtledove Publishing, 1979), 215–31Google Scholar.

45 Marquard, Leopold, A Federation of Southern Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1971)Google Scholar; van zyl Slabbert, F. and Welsh, David, South Africa's Options (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Lijphart, Arend, “Federal, Confederal, and Consociational Options for the South African Plural Society,” in Conflict and Compromise in South Africa, Rotberg, Robert I. and Barrett, John, eds. (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1980), 70–71Google Scholar.

46 Elazar, , Federalism, 1Google Scholar.

47 See Plamenatz, John, Democracy and Illusion (London: Longman, 1973), 38–39Google Scholar.

48 Esman, Milton J. and Uphoff, Norman T., Local Organizations: Intermediaries in Rural Development (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984), 18Google Scholar.

49 Ibid., 187–93.

50 Bratton, Michael, “Farmer Organizations in the Communal Areas of Zimbabwe: Preliminary Findings,” Working Paper 5/84, Department of Land Management, University of Zimbabwe, 04 1984Google Scholar.

51 Barkan, Joel D., “Development through Self-Help: The Forgotten Alternative,” Rural Africana (n.s.), nos. 19–20 (Spring–Fall 1984), 115–29Google Scholar.

52 Bates, Robert H., Rural Responses to Industrialization: A Study of Village Zambia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 2Google Scholar.

53 Hyden, Goran, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 18Google Scholar.

54 Chazan, Naomi, “The New Politics of Participation in Tropical Africa,” Comparative Politics, 14:2 (01 1982), 169–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 Gastil, , Freedom … 1980, 112Google Scholar.

56 Gastil, Freedom … 1983–1984.

57 Bates, Robert H., Unions, Parties, and Political Development: A Study ofMineworkers in Zambia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971)Google Scholar; Cohen, Robin, Labour and Politics in Nigeria, 1945–1971 (London: Heinemann, 1974)Google Scholar; Sandbrook, Richard, Proletarians and African Capitalism: The Kenyan Case, 1960–1972 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975)Google Scholar; Erickson, Kenneth P., The Brazilian Corporative State and Working-Class Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977)Google Scholar; Jeffries, Richard, Class, Power, and Ideology in Ghana: The Railwaymen of Sekondi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Turner, H. A. et al. , The Last Colony: But Whose? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)Google Scholar; Humphrey, John, Capitalist Control and Workers' Struggle in the Brazilian Auto Industry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

58 MacShane, Denis, Plaut, Martin, and Ward, David, Power: Black Workers, Their Unions, and the Struggle for Freedom in South Africa (Nottingham, England: Spokesman, 1984), 142–66Google Scholar.

59 Ibid., 189.

60 Bates, Unions; Bonner, Phil, “Independent Trade Unions since Wiehan,” South African Labour Bulletin, 8:4 (02 1983), 16–36Google Scholar.

61 Rosenberg, Arthur, Democracy and Socialism (New York: Knopf, 1939)Google Scholar.

62 Rudolph, and Rudolph, , “Judicial Review,” 236Google Scholar.

63 Moore, Barrington, Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (White Plains, N.Y.: M. E. Sharp, 1979), 301–2Google Scholar.

64 Brecht, Arnold, The Political Education of Arnold Brecht (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970), 131Google Scholar.

65 XIPius, , “Quadragesimo Anno,” in Five Great Encyclicals (New York: The Paulist Press, 1939), 147Google Scholar.

66 Stepan, Alfred, The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 36Google Scholar.

67 Collier, Ruth Berins and Collier, David, “Inducements versus Constraints: Disaggregating ‘Corporatism,’ ” The American Political Science Review, 73:4 (12 1979), 967–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

68 Arato, Andrew, “Some Perspectives of Democratization in East Central Europe,” Journal of International Affairs, 38:2 (Winter 1985), 321–35Google Scholar.

69 Coleman, James S., “The Idea of the Developmental University,” in Universities and National Development, Hetland, Atle, ed. (Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell International, 1984), ch. 6Google Scholar.

70 Sklar, Richard L., Corporate Power in an African State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975)Google Scholar; idem, “The Nature of Class Domination in Africa,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 17:4 (12 1979), 531–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Markovitz, Irving Leonard, Power and Class in Africa (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977)Google Scholar; Becker, David G., The New Bourgeoisie and the Limits of Dependency (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

71 Carroll, Lewis, The Annotated Alice, with notes by Gardner, Martin (Cleveland and New York: World, 1960), 269Google Scholar.

72 Lenin, V. I., What Is To Be Done? (1902; New York: International Publishers, 1969), 33Google Scholar.

73 Lardy, Nicholas R., Agriculture in China's Modern Economic Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Duncanson, Dennis, “Vietnam: A New Turning Point,” The World Today, 40:5 (05 1984), 198–205Google Scholar; Braun, Armelle, “Rethinking Agricultural Development: Algeria's Adjustment Process,” Ceres, 16:3 (05–06 1983), 39–45Google Scholar; Bratton, “Farmer Organizations.”

74 Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 4Google Scholar.

75 Koestler, Arthur et al. , The God That Failed (New York: Harper, 1950)Google Scholar.

76 Goldman, Lucien, The Hidden God: A Study of Tragic Vision in the “Pensées” of Pascal and the Tragedies of Racine, Thody, Phillip, trans. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964)Google Scholar.

77 Warren, Bill, Imperialism: Pioneer of Capitalism (London: NLB-Verso, 1980)Google Scholar.

78 Carnoy, Martin, The State and Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). ch. 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

79 Hirschman, Albert O., “The Turn to Authoritarianism in Latin America and the Search for Its Economic Determinants,” in The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, Collier, David, ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 88Google Scholar.

80 Pouhntzas, Nicos, Political Power and Social Classes, O’Hagan, Timothy, trans. (London: New Left Books, 1973), 113et passimGoogle Scholar.

81 Cf. the ideas of Norberto Bobbio, an Italian Marxist of liberal democratic persuasion, as reported from a nonliberal, Marxist vantage point by Carnoy, State and Political Theory, ch. 6.

82 Huntington and Nelson, No Easy Choice.

83 Wairen, , Imperialism, 210–11Google Scholar.

84 North, Douglass C. and Thomas, Robert Paul, The Rise of the Western World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), ch. 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also idem, “An Economic Theory of the Growth of the Western World,” The Economic History Review (2d ser.), 23:1 (04 1970), 1–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

85 See. e.g., Galenson, Walter L., ed., Labor in Developing Economies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962)Google Scholar.

86 Streeten, et al. , First Things First, 191Google Scholar.

87 Gordon, Sean I., “The Impact of Trade Unionism on Small Business and Economic Growth in the Third World, ” Department of Political Science, University of California, (Los Angeles, 1984), typescriptGoogle Scholar; Mayer, Jean, “Workers' Well-Being and Productivity: The Role of Bargaining,” International Labour Review, 122:3 (05–06 1983), 343–52Google Scholar; Richards, P. J., “Housing and Employment,” International Labour Review, 118:1 (01–02 1979), 13–26Google Scholar; Wogu, Ananaba, The Trade-Union Movement in Africa (London: C. Hurst, 1979)Google Scholar.

88 Tidrick, Gene, “Wage Spillover and Unemployment in a Wage-gap Economy: The Jamaican Case,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 23:2 (01 1975), 306–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

89 Connell, John, Dasgupta, Biplab, Laishley, Roy, and Lipton, Michael, “Remittances,” in Migration from Rural Areas: Evidence from Village Studies, by Connell, John et al. (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976), 90–120Google Scholar.

90 Hart, Keith, “Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 11:1 (03 1973), 61–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sethuraman, S. V., “The Urban Informal Sector in Africa,” International Labour Review, 116:3 (11–12 1977), 343–52Google Scholar; Portes, Alejandro and Walton, John, Labor, Class, and the International System (New York: Academic Press, 1981), ch. 3Google Scholar; Gilbert, Alan and Gugler, Josef, Cities, Poverty, and Development: Urbanization in the Third World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 72–80Google Scholar; International Labor Organization, World Labour Report, 25–28Google Scholar.

91 Chuta, Enyinna and Liedholm, Carl, “Employment Growth and Change in Sierra Leone Small-Scale Industry, 1974–1980,” International Labour Review, 121:1 (01–02 1982), 101–13Google Scholar.

92 Peace, Adrian, “The Lagos Proletariat: Labour Aristocrats or Populist Militants?” in Politics and State in the Third World, Goulbourne, Harry, ed. (London: Macmillan, 1979), ch. 7Google Scholar.

93 Nihan, Georges, Demol, Erik, and Jondon, Comlaui, “The Modem Informal Sector in Lomé,” International Labour Review, 118:5 (09–10 1979), 631–44Google Scholar; Sit, Victor F. S., “Strategies for the Promotion of Small-Scale Enterprise in the Developing ESCAP Region,” Economic Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, 33 (06 1982), 73–82Google Scholar.

94 Wong, John, ASEAN Economies in Perspective: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand (London: Macmillan, 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

95 Gordon, “Impact of Trade Unionism.”

96 Durkheim, Emile, On the Division of Labor in Society, Simpson, George, trans. (New York: Macmillan, 1933)Google Scholar.

97 Sklar, “Reds and Rights.”