Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T06:51:22.606Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Emergence of Conversion in a Hindu-Buddhist Polytropy: The Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, c. 1600–1995

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2005

David N. Gellner
Affiliation:
University of Oxford

Extract

The practice of conversion—changing from one religion to another—is certainly not a modern invention, but it takes on a new and sometimes threatening significance in a modern context characterized by censuses, elections with universal suffrage, and majority rule. In the modern world separate religions have come to be defined, like ethnic groups or nations (Barth 1969), by the boundaries between them. One can only be a refugee if one flees across an international boundary; likewise, conventionally, religious change is only labeled “conversion” if it occurs across a boundary. Thus, as boundaries have become sharper between ‘religions,' so the issue of conversion has grown in political significance.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2005 Society for Comparative Study of Society and History

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen N. J. 1997 Hinduization: The Experience of the Thulung Rai D. N. Gellner, J. Pfaff-Czarnecka, and J. Whelpton Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal Amsterdam Harwood Academic Publishers 303–23
Alsop I 1996 Christians at the Malla Court: The Capuchin “Piccolo Libro” S. Lienhard Change and Continuity: Studies in the Nepalese Culture of the Kathmandu Valley Alessandria Edizioni dell'Orso/CESMEO 123–35
Barth F 1969 ‘Introduction' F. Barth Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Bergen Universitets Forlaget 9 38
Bennett L 1983 Dangerous Wives and Sacred Sisters: Social and Symbolic Worlds of High-Caste Women in Nepal New York Columbia University Press
Borgström B. E. 1980 The Patron and the Pancha: Village Values and Panchayat Democracy in Nepal New Delhi Vikas
Bouillier V 1995 Du bon usage des Brahmanes: Les Bahun et l'état népalais Journal Asiatique 283 2 445–68Google Scholar
Brekke T 2003 Conversions in Buddhism? R. Robinson and S. Clarke Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings Oxford University Press Delhi 181–91
Brinkhaus H 1996 Tolerance and Syncretism in the Religious History of the Kathmandu Valley S. Lienhard Change and Continuity: Studies in the Nepalese Culture of the Kathmandu Valley Alessandria Edizioni dell'Orso/CESMEO 137–47
Burghart R 1996 The Conditions of Listening: Essays on Religion, History and Politics in South Asia C. J. Fuller and J. Spencer Delhi Oxford University Press
Carrithers M 2000 On Polytropy: Or the Natural Condition of Spiritual Cosmo-politanism in India: The Digambar Jain Case Modern Asian Studies 34 4 831–61Google Scholar
Chalmers R 2003 “‘We Nepalis': Language, Literature and the Formation of a Nepali Public Sphere in India, 1914–1940.” Ph.D. thesis School of Oriental and Asian Studies London
Country 1993 Country Paper on Indigenous Peoples of Nepal Kathmandu The National Committee for the International Year (1993) for the World's Indigenous Peoples, Nepal
Dharmalok Mahasthabir Bhikkhu 1965 Buddha's Doctrine of Universal Flux, Whose Religion is True, and Answers to Five Questions Raised by Hemraj Timilsina Sharma Kathmandu self-published
Dhungel S.P.S. B. Adhikari B. P. Bhandari C. Murgatroyd 1998 Commentary on the Nepalese Constitution Kathmandu DeLF
Douglas W 2002 ‘The Fifteenth-Century Re-Invention of Nepalese Buddhism' D.Phil. thesis University of Oxford
Dumont L 1960 World Renunciation in Indian Religions Contributions to Indian Sociology 4 33 62. (Repr. in L. Dumont 1980, Homo Hierarchicus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 267–86.)Google Scholar
Fisher H. J. 1973 Conversion Reconsidered: Some Historical Aspects of Religious Conversion in Black Africa Africa 43 27 40Google Scholar
Fisher H. J. 1985 The Juggernaut's Apologia Africa 55 153–73Google Scholar
Fisher W. F. 2001 Fluid Boundaries: Forming and Transforming Identity in Nepal New York Columbia University Press
Flood G 2003 Introduction: Establishing the Boundaries G. Flood The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism Oxford Blackwell
Gaborieau M 1982 Les rapports de classe dans l'idéologie officielle du Népal Purusartha 6 251–90Google Scholar
Gaenszle M 1997 Changing Concepts of Ethnic Identity among the Mewahang Rai D. N. Gellner, J. Pfaff-Czarnecka, and J. Whelpton Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal Amsterdam Harwood Academic Publishers 351–73
Geertz C 1973 The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays New York Basic Books
Gellner D. N. 1986 Language, Caste, Religion, and Territory: Newar Identity Ancient and Modern European Journal of Sociology 26 102–48Google Scholar
Gellner D. N. 1992 Monk, Householder, and Tantric Priest: Newar Buddhism and Its Hierarchy of Ritual Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Gellner D. N. 1996 A Sketch of the History of Lalitpur (Patan) with Special Reference to Buddhism Contributions to Nepalese Studies 23 1 125–57Google Scholar
Gellner D. N. 1997 Caste, Communalism, and Communism: Newars and the Nepalese State.' D. N. Gellner, J. Pfaff-Czarnecka, and J. Whelpton Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal Amsterdam Harwood Academic Publishers 151–84
Gellner D. N. 2001a The Anthropology of Buddhism and Hinduism: Weberian Themes Delhi Oxford University Press
Gellner D. N. 2001b From Group Rights to Individual Rights and Back: Nepalese Struggles with Culture and Equality J. Cowan, M. Dembour, and R. Wilson Culture and the Anthropology of Rights Cambridge Cambridge University Press 177 200
Gellner D. N. 2003 From Cultural Hierarchies to a Hierarchy of Multiculturalisms: The Case of the Newars of Nepal M. Lecomte-Tilouine and P. Dolfuss Ethnic Revival and Religious Turmoil in the Himalayas Delhi Oxford University Press 73 131
Gellner D. N. 0000 Public Order, Inclusion, Hybridity: Preconditions of Democracy in Nepal Forthcoming D. Thapa Inclusion and Democracy in Nepal Lalitpur Himal Books
Gellner, D. N. and D. Quigley 1995 Contested Hierarchies: A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Oxford Clarendon
Gombrich R. F. 1988 Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo London Routledge
Grandin I 1989 Music and Media in Local Life: Music Practice in a Newar Neighbourhood in Nepal Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
Grapard A. G. 1992 The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History Berkeley University of California Press
Gurung H 1998 Nepal: Social Demography and Expressions Kathmandu New Era
Gurung H 2003 Social Demography of Nepal: Census 2001 Lalitpur Himal Books
Gutschow N 1982 Stadtraum und Ritual der Newarischen Städte im Kathmandu-Tal: Eine architektur-anthropologische Untersuchung Stuttgart Kohlhammer
Halbfass W 1988 India and Europe: An Essay in Understanding Albany State University of New York Press
Hefner R 1993 Introduction: World-Building and the Rationality of Conversion R. Hefner Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation Berkeley University of California Press 3 44
Höfer A 1979 The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854 Innsbruck Universitätsverlag Wagner
Hoftun M. W. Raeper J. Whelpton 1999 People, Politics and Ideology: Democracy and Social Change in Nepal Kathmandu Mandala Book Point
Horton R 1971 African Conversion Africa 41 85 108Google Scholar
Horton R 1975 On the Rationality of Conversion Africa 45 219–35, 373–99Google Scholar
Ikenga-Metuh E 1987 The Shattered Microcosm: A Critical Survey of Explanations of Conversion in Africa K. Holst Petersen Religion, Development and African Identity Uppsala Scandinavian Institute of African Studies 11 27
Joshi M. B. L. Rose 1966 Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation Berkeley University of California Press
Kloppenberg R 1977 Theravada Buddhism in Nepal Kailash 5 4 301–21Google Scholar
Krauskopff, G. and M. Lecomte-Tilouine 1996 Célébrer le pouvoir: Dasai, une fête royale au Népal Paris Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Leve L 2002 Subjects, Selves, and the Politics of Personhood in Theravada Buddhism in Nepal Journal of Asian Studies 61 3 833–60Google Scholar
Lévi S 1905 Le Népal: étude historique d'un royaume hindou (3 vols.) Reissued 1991, Delhi: Asian Educational Services Paris Leroux
LeVine, S. and D. N. Gellner 0000 Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal Forthcoming Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
Levy, R. I. (with K. Rajopadhyaya) 1990 Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal Berkeley University of California Press
Lewis T. T. 2000 Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism Albany SUNY Press
Locke J 1980 Karunamaya: The Cult of Avalokitesvara-Matsyendranath in the Valley of Nepal Kathmandu Sahayogi
Lorenzen D. N. 1999 Who Invented Hinduism? Comparative Studies in Society and History 41 4 630–59Google Scholar
Mahapragya 1983 Sāhityasutā karmasthānācārya wa bauddharsi Mahāprajñāyā ātmakathā (An Autobiography of Mahaprajna, the First Theravadi Bhikshu of Modern Nepal) (3 vols.: 1983, 1995, 1998) D. Newami, trans. D. Newami Rishi Ashram, Kathmandu Sakalopasika
Messerschmidt D, and N. J. Gurung 1974 Parallel Trade and Innovation in Central Nepal: The Case of the Gurung and Thakali Subbas Compared C. von Fürer-Haimendorf Contributions to the Anthropology of Nepal Warminster Aris and Phillips 197 221
Meyer B 1996 Modernity and Enchantment: The Image of the Devil in Popular African Christianity P. van der Veer Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity New York and London Routledge 199 230
Michaels A 1997 The King and the Cow: On a Crucial Symbol of Hinduization in Nepal D. N. Gellner, J. Pfaff-Czarnecka, and J. Whelpton Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal Amsterdam Harwood Academic Publishers 79 99
Michaels A 2004 Hinduism, Past and Present, B. Harshav, trans. Princeton Princeton University Press
Onta P 1996 Creating a Brave Nepali Nation in British India: The Rhetoric of Jati Improvement, Rediscovery of Bhanubhakta and the Writing of Bir History Studies in Nepali History and Society 1 1 37 76Google Scholar
Onta P 1997 Activities in a ‘Fossil State': Balkrishna Sama and the Improvisation of Nepali Identity Studies in Nepali History and Society 2 1 69 102Google Scholar
Owens B. M. 1989 “The Politics of Divinity in the Kathmandu Valley: The Festival of Bungadya/Rato Matsyendranath” Ph.D. dissertation Columbia University
Owens B. M. 2000 Envisioning Identity: Deity, Person, and Practice in the Kathmandu Valley American Ethnologist 27 3 702–35Google Scholar
Peel J.D.Y 1977 Conversion and Tradition in Two African Societies: Ijebu and Buganda Past and Present 77 108 41Google Scholar
Peel J.D.Y 1990 The Pastor and the Babalawo: The Interaction of Religions in Nineteenth-Century Yorubaland Africa 60 338 69Google Scholar
Petech L 1984 Mediaeval History of Nepal (c. 750–1482) Rome ISMEO
Pfaff-Czarnecka J 1996 A Battle of Meanings: Commemorating Goddess Durga's Victory over the Demon Mahisa as a Political Act Kailash 18 3 4 57 92Google Scholar
Pfaff-Czarnecka J 1997 Vestiges and Visions: Cultural Change in the Process of Nation-Building in Nepal D. N. Gellner, J. Pfaff-Czarnecka, and J. Whelpton Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal Amsterdam Harwood Academic Publishers 419–70
Pigg S. L. 1992 Inventing Social Categories through Space: Social Representations of Development in Nepal Comparative Studies in Society and History 34 491 593Google Scholar
Quigley D 1996 Social Mobility and Social Fragmentation in the Newar Caste System S. Lienhard Change and Continuity: Studies in the Nepalese Culture of the Kathmandu Valley Alessandrio Edizioni dell'Orso/CESMEO 69 84
Robinson, R. and S. Clarke eds 2003 Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings Delhi Oxford University Press
Rosser C 1966 Social Mobility in the Newar Caste System C. von Fürer-Haimendorf Caste and Kin in Nepal, India and Ceylon Bombay Asia Publishing House 68 139
Sakya K. M. 1991 Hindu Adhirajya, Nepalko Vidambana (Hindu kingdom, Nepal's humiliation) [in Nepali] Kathmandu Yuva Bauddha Samuha
Shrestha B. G. 1999 The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal Contributions to Nepalese Studies 26 1 83 117Google Scholar
Srinivas M. N. 1956 A Note on Sanskritization and Westernization Journal of Asian Studies (Far Eastern Quarterly) 15 4 481–96Google Scholar
Staal F 1963 Sanskrit and Sanskritization Journal of Asian Studies 23 3 26 75Google Scholar
Toffin G 1984 Société et religion chez les Néwar du Népal Paris Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Toffin G 1993 Le Palais et Le Temple: Le Fonction Royale dans la Vallée de Népal Paris Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Tuladhar Y. R. 1992 Nepal's Misfortune, the Unequal Treaty and Brahmanism Kathmandu Rosan Ratna Tuladhar
Ullmann-Margalit E 1985 Opting: The Case of ‘Big' Decisions P. Wapnewsky Yearbook of the Institute of Advanced Study, Berlin Berlin Wissenschaftskolleg 441–54
Vajracharya A. K. 1980 (VS 2037) Bungadyo Nepale Hahgu Khã (The story of how Bungadyo was brought to Nepal) [in Nepal Bhasha] Lalitpur self-published
Van der Veer P 1994 Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India Berkeley University of California Press
Viswanathan G 1998 Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity and Belief Princeton Princeton University Press
Von Stietencron H 1997 Hinduism: On the Proper Use of a Deceptive Term G.-D. Sontheimer and H. Kulke Hinduism Reconsidered Delhi: Manohar
Whelpton J 1991 Kings, Soldiers and Priests: Nepalese Politics, 1830–1857 Delhi Manohar
Whelpton J 1997 Political Identity in Nepal: State, Nation and Community D. N. Gellner, J. Pfaff-Czarnecka, and J. Whelpton Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal Amsterdam Harwood Academic Publishers 39 78
Whelpton J 2005 A History of Nepal Cambridge Cambridge University Press