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Policing the Imperial Nation: Sovereignty, International Law, and the Civilizing Mission in Late Qing China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2010

Tong Lam
Tong Lam*
Affiliation:
Department of History, University of Toronto
*
tong.lam@utoronto.ca
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Extract

On 15 August 1902, a battalion of Chinese police officers under the command of Superintendent Zhao Bingjun marched into city center of Tianjin and toward the Yamen Complex, the ceremonial site where the Eight Power Alliance was handing back the city to Governor General Yuan Shikai after two years of occupation following the Boxer Uprising. As they approached the complex, allied officials and commanders, standing with Yuan Shikai and his entourage under a “Friendship Forever” banner, were shocked and dismayed. As one of the preconditions for its resumption of the control of the city, the Qing government had agreed to the allied demand that its troops would not enter the vicinity of Tianjin, and some allied officials had even thought that Yuan would be compelled to beg the allied forces to stay and continue to maintain law and order. Yuan Shikai's sudden show of forces was a slap in their faces and potentially a violation of an international agreement. “What is the meaning of this?” asked an allied representative with raised voice. “Look carefully. These are not troops,” Yuan replied with a smirk, “They are policemen.” Not knowing what to do, allied officials pointed fingers at each other, blaming the stupidity of those who had designed the agreement. “It is not we who are stupid,” one said, “It is Yuan Shikai who is so cunning.”

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 52 , Issue 4 , October 2010 , pp. 881 - 908
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2010

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89 The results of this project were often mixed. In Sichuan, for instance, by the end of the dynasty many police duties were still in the hands of the local elites rather than the national government. Stapleton, Kristin, “County Administration in Late-Qing Sichuan County Administration in Late-Qing Sichuan: Conflicting Models of Rural Policing,” Late Imperial China 18, 1 (1997): 100–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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94 Xianzheng biancha guan, “Xianzheng biancha.”

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96 Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, 341.

97 Ibid., 339.

98 Ibid., 340–41, 350.

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102 According to Foucault, as a result of the “governmentalization of the state” in eighteenth-century Europe, the old model of sovereign power was replaced by a new rationality of government that no longer relied on coercion to enforce the juridical writ of the sovereign. “Governmentality,” 193–204.

103 Agamben, Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Heller-Roazen, Daniel, trans. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998)Google Scholar.

104 Lei Tingshou, Riben jingcha diaocha tigang, 7.

105 Ibid., 5.

106 In many ways, Chinese history through the entire twentieth century can be considered as a series of “exceptions.” This seemed obvious during the Nationalist and Communist periods as the entire country was plagued by constant revolutions and wars. But even during the post-socialist era, the need for market reform was portrayed in similar terms. That is, to quote Deng Xiaoping, “Let some people get rich first.” Only now, arguably, are we beginning to witness a rise of neo-liberal governmentality.