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The Cities of Avignon and Worms as Expressions of the European Community

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Beverly Heckart
Beverly Heckart
Affiliation:
Central Washington University
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Extract

At the end of 1978, the German art critic Walter Frentz, introducing a film and public lecture in the city of Worms, postulated that Europeans could breathe new life into the idea of European unity by devoting greater care and attention to the shape and form of European cities. The theme of his remarks that night specifically encouraged the preservation of historic urban cores, but more striking was his general concept linking the development of the European Community with the treatment of the European city. As a growing literature on architectural symbolism and urban imagery suggests, cities take the shapes that are expressions of a total society, reflecting the spectrum of their political, economic and cultural life. As Europeans rebuilt and developed their cities in the period after World War II, they also charted the course of their unification.

Type
The Symbolic Economy of Provincial Capitals
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , July 1989 , pp. 462 - 490
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1989

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References

The author gratefully acknowledges the help of a research grant from Central Washington University.

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10 See Arlaud, , “L'Aménagement,” 12, 20–23,Google Scholar 30–33. For prewar and postwar plans for the Balance, L'Accent, 11 au 18 août 1960;Google ScholarProcés Verbaux du Conseil Municipal d' Avignon, 20 juin 1953, 702–4. The immediate postwar projections spoke of assainissement; it was assumed that certain architecturally valuable old structures would be preserved. Also see article by Daladier in Le Provençal (Avignon), 1 mars 1957.Google Scholar

11 For previous reactions, see Heckart, B., “The Balance and the Bridge: The Origins of the Loi Malraux in Avignon,” Journal of Urban History 9:1 (1982), 57–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Reactions of 1957 in Le Meridional (Avignon), 9, 11, 23 fevrier 1957Google Scholar; Le Provençal (Avignon), 11, 24 fe'vrier 1957Google Scholar; La Gazette Provencal, 20 mars 1957.Google Scholar The newspapers were concerned about all quarters of the intramural town, and many interviewed stressed the need to attract tourists. Also Annuaire de la Société des Amis du Palais des Papes et des Monuments d'Avignon, 27 janvier 1958. The change in plan was motivated by the Service d'Urbanisme, itself pressured by the Service des Monuments Historiques, see Arlaud, “L'Amenagement,” 12. It was reported in the finance committee that the “historic patrimony” would be conserved in its “integrality.” Since plans were also laid to have private developers construct in the Balance, it is difficult to know what would be saved, see “Commission des Finances et des Travaux Publics du 15 janvier 1958,” dossier Urbanisme, Archives Municipales d'Avignon.Google Scholar

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15 Andre Demêmes, “Le Grand Avignon: Problémes d'industrialisation et d'emploi,” and Reyne, G., “Le Grand Avignon: une realite geographique et sociologique,” Avignon-Expansion, juillet 1964, 29, 39.Google Scholar For festival, see Arlaud, Catherine, “Le Festival d'Avignon, 1947–1968,” Thése présentée et publiquement soutenue devant la Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Economiques de L'Université de Montpellier (1969).Google Scholar

16 Couyssy, G. de, “Equipment Commercial du Programme de Renovation Urbaine du Quartier de la Balance-Avignon,” Société d'Equipement du Départment du Vaucluse, Société Controlée pour l'Equipement du Territoire, 12 1961,Google Scholar dossier Etudes Préliminaires, Service de L'Equipement, Vaucluse, Préfecture de. Also Arlaud, “L'Amenagement,” 13–16.Google Scholar

17 Ibid., 17. Christian et Spell, Jean Michel, Les Villes Francaise: Avignon, Notes et Etudes Documentaires nos. 4359–4360–4361 (3 février 1977),Google ScholarLa documentation française (Paris, 1977), 66.Google Scholar

18 Arlaud, “L'Amenagement,” 34. For address, see Receuil des Actes Administratifs et Bulletin d'Information des Maires, 15 (1957), 662Google Scholar; Briat, René, “Lunaiere sur les origins de l'hOtel de Saint Priest,” Plaisir de France, 11, 1973, 10–17; Who's Who in France, 1961–62, 1967–68.Google Scholar

19 Ibid., 1961–1962. Arlaud, “L'Aménagement,” 27.Google Scholar

20 Ibid., 28. See Escande, Jean to Directeur Général de ('Architecture, Ministére de 1'Education Nationale, 4 avril 1962; Maire Duffaut au Préfet, 4 avril 1962 in dossier Correspondance Général, Service de I'Equipement, Prefecture de Vaucluse.Google Scholar

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22 Sonnier, , “Secteur sauvegardé,” 15.Google Scholar

23 Ibid., 15–25.

24 Particularly beneficial for Avignon was the policy, introduced in 1973, for upgrading entire inner cities of medium size, see Leruste, Phillippe, Le Contrat d' Aménagement de Villes Moyennes, Notes et Etudes Documentaires nos. 4234–4235–4236 (17 11 1975),Google ScholarLa Documentation francaise (Paris, 1975), 8–11Google Scholar. Also see Kain, Roger, “Europe's Model and Exemplar Still: The French Approach to Urban Conservation, 1962–1981,” Town Planning Review 53:4 (1982), 408–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the effect on Avignon, see Le Provençal (Avignon), 29 11 1973Google Scholar; Noseda, Felix, “Ville Moyenne: un dossier elargi est en cours d'elaboration, les Avignnois doivent y participer,” Avignon: Vôtre Ville, mars 1976, 5;Google ScholarNoseda, Félix, Réactualisation du dossier 'ville moyenne': demarrage des premier travaux cet automne,“ Avignon: Vôtre Ville, juin-juillet, 1977, 7–10Google Scholar. The latter article announced that the city was acquiring the mansion of St. Priest and planned to preserve it. For ongoing work in the Balance, “L'Avenir de la Balance, des hommes vivants dans leur cité,” Avignon: Vôtre Ville, novembre, 1975. The project of the Balance was very costly and the largest (4.78 hectares) safeguarded sector created in France. It is unlikely that so large an area will ever be created again, see Kain, Roger, “Conservation Planning in France: Policy and Practice in the Marais, Paris,” Planning for Conservation, Kain, Roger, ed. (London, 1981),205.Google Scholar

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27 Illert, F. M., Worms: Fahrer durch die Geschichte und Sehenswardigkeiten der Stadt (Worms, 1969), 15–44Google Scholar; Wilhelm, Dieter, Worms: Mittelstadt am Rande des Rhein-Neckar Ballungsraumes. Eine Stadtgeographische Betrachtung seiner Ennvicklung im 19. und 26. Jahrhundert, Beiheft 24 Der Wormsgau: Zeitschrift der Kulturinstitute der Stadt Worms und des Altertumsvereins Worms (Worms, 1971), 4–14Google Scholar; Martin, Gerald, Rheinhessen und das Nahetal: Weinland und VOlkerbracke (Essen, 1962), 95–107.Google Scholar

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32 A reconstruction that merits its own individual story is the synagogue. Destroyed during and after the Crystal Night of 1938, it was rebuilt and dedicated in 1961, Festschrift zur Wiedereinweihung der alten Synagoge zu Worms, Roth, Ernst, ed. (Frankfurt am Main, 1961).Google Scholar For the record of the churches' reconstruction, see Illert, Worms: Führer. For significance of religion, Kolinsky, Continuity, 133.Google Scholar

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35 Die Freiheit, 15 Februar 1960; Wormser Zeitung, 25 Oktober 1971, 10 Juni 1975.

36 For a good general history of the Reconstruction Society (Aufbauverein), see Villinger, Carl J. H., Erbe und Aufbau, 10 Jahre (Worms, 1955)Google Scholar; also the brochure An unsere Mitglieder und solche die es werden sollen (Worms, n.d.), 7–9. For positions of the city's administration and its opponents, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 28 März 1950 and Vorwort of Oberbiirgermeister Volker in Wohnungsbau: G. m. b. H. Worms (1968). The mayor's gravest concern was the provision of adequate, low-cost lodging. For preservationist goals, see Wormser Monatsspiegel, August 1951, 45–49.Google Scholar

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39 Bezirksregierung fur Rheinhessen to Oberbülrgermeister, 9 März 1954, file Akten zum Aufbaugesetz, 1. 8. 1949, Stadtplanungsamt, Stadtarchiv Worms.

40 An old nondescript school building had previously occupied the site of the new*city hall and was slated for alteration before the war, see Köhler, Walter, Gedanken über das heutige Worms und seine spütere städtebauliche Entwicklung, Pt. I: Text (Worms, 1941), 20–21Google Scholar. For Social Democratic views, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 21 September 1955. Of designs submitted, the one favored by the jury was thought by the SPD council member, Lucie Kölsch, to be “too conservative and not contemporary.” The leading SPD council member said he favored a more modern design submission for its “clarity and simplicity.” The drawings submitted by the finalists can be found reproduced in Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 24 08 1955.Google ScholarPubMed For the jury's recommendations, see ibid. and the document “Tagung des Preisgerichts anlasslich des Wettbewerbs zur Erlangung von Planen für den Neubau eines Rathauses und einer Polizeidirektion in Worms am 19 und 20 August 1955,” Stadtarchiv Worms.

41 For deed of trust and history of the Cornelianum and its site, see Denkschrift zur Einweihung des neuen Rathauses insbesondere des Cornelianums, Swarzenski, George, ed. (Worms, 1910)Google Scholar; also “Eine der Urkunden im Grundstein des Rathausturms eingemauert,” Beilage, “Wormser Zeitung, 29/3011 1958Google Scholar. For a further description, see Illert, Georg, Worms: so wie es war, 2d ed. (Düsseldorf, 1977), 37–39.Google Scholar

42 Wormser Zeitung, 8/911 1958, 16 Juli 1959; “Tagung des Preisgerichts…,” and Stadtratsprotokoll, 15 Juli 1959.Google Scholar

43 Wormser Zeitung, 24 und 26 08 1959; 28 11Google Scholar, 4, 11, 12, 13 Dezember 1962; 25 Mätz 1963; Die Freiheit, 25 Marz 1963. For the contretemps between Heyls and the city government, see Ludwig von Heyl, sr. to Carl Villinger, 20 Juli 1959; Ludwig von Heyl, sr. to Aufbauverein, 23 Juli 1959; Protokoll über die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes des Aufbauvereins, 30 Juli 1959; Protokoll über die Sitzung des geschäftsführenden Vorstandes, 19 August 1959; all in file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961. For additional information, see records of telephone calls: Ramge to Hirschbiel, 25 August 1959; Ramge to Seifenstadt, 28 August 1959; Rage to Arndt, 28 August 1959; Villinger to Oberbürgermeister, 28 August 1959; Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Carl Villinger, 20 August 1959 and telegram of Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Oberbürgermeister, 25 August 1959; all in file Rathaus, Comelianum. Neither the Heyls nor the Reconstruction Society expected the demolition of the tower to follow quickly after the decision of the city council. Ludwig von Heyl, jr. wrote the city's architect he would be on vacation and wanted to talk in September. The architect replied he wanted to talk immediately. Only after the city prepared to tear down the tower in mid-August, in order to clear the area prior to the annual Fish Festival, did the Society swing into action, see Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Stadtbaurat Listmann, 4 August 1959; Listmann to L. von Heyl, jr., 6 August 1959, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers. For failure of the reconsideration motion, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 23 September 1959.Google Scholar

44 Plans to enlarge the Stephensgasse dated back to immediate postwar planning, see n. 31. For implementation of plan and effect on Heylshof, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 29 März 1957.

45 Villinger, Carl, “Die alte und die neue Stephensgasse,” Wormser Monatsspiegel, 08 1964Google Scholar; also Das Kunsthaus Heylshof in Worms und seine Sammlungen (Worms, 1977), 7–8).Google Scholar

46 Ludwig von Heyl, sr. to Oberbiirgermeister, 22 Juli 1959, file Rathaus, Comelianum; Protokoll ilber die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes, 25 November 1960; Protokoll über die Sitzung des Geschäftsfuhrenden Vorstandes, 10 Oktober 1961, file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961. Also Oberburgermeister to von Heyl, jr., 10 Mai 1960; Ludwig von Heyl, jr., to Ulrich Meister, 6 Oktober 1961; Denkschrift betr. Verbreiterung der Stephansgasse, Ludwig von Heyl, jr., 2 November 1961, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers.

47 See previously cited correspondence between von Heyl, jr. and Listmann, n. 43; Wormser Zeitung, 3 02 1960; Stadtratsprotokoll, 16 Juli 1959. For position of Heyls and Reconstruction Society, see Protokoll uber die Sitzung des Geschäftsfahrenden Vorstandes, 8 Oktober 1959 and 6 September 1960, file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961. Further, Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Baudezernent Willi Hirschbiel, 8 August 1959, file Rathaus, Comelianum; Aufbauverein to Kulturfonds der Wormser Wirtschaft, 14 März 1961, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers.Google Scholar

48 Protokoll über die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes, 25 November 1960; Protokoll uber die Sitzung des Geschaftsfiihrenden Vorstandes, 10 Oktober 1961, file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961; Protokoll über die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes, 11 Februar 1963, file Vorstandssitzungen Berichte, 1962–1975; Denkschrift betr. Verbreiterung der Stephansgasse, Ludwig von Heyl, jr., 2 November 1961, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers.

49 The controversy over the gate went on and on and was not finally settled until 1964, the year after the completion of the Municipal Cultural Institutes: Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Ludwig von Heyl, sr., 27 August 1960; Kahlert to Villinger, 20 Juli 1961, 13 Dezember 1962; von Heyl, jr. to Oberbürgermeister, 6 Juni 1963; von Heyl, jr. to Villinger, 15 September 1964, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers. See also Wormer Zeitung, 1 Juni, 7/8 Juli 1962, 16 August, 31 Oktober/ 1 November 1964.

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