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A Spectator in the Tropics: A Case Study in the Production and Reproduction of Culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Maria Lúcia G. Pallares-Burke
Maria Lúcia G. Pallares-Burke
Affiliation:
University of Sāo Paulo
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Extract

In Brazil, ever since the thirties, when the sociologist, Gilberto Freyre, made pioneering use of journalism as a source for his studies of the past, considerable weight has been given to journalistic texts on the grounds that their news and editorial sections, as well as their advertising columns, portray society with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

Type
Cultural Readings of Culture
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 36 , Issue 4 , October 1994 , pp. 676 - 701
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1994

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References

1 Freyre, G., Casa Grande e Senzala (Rio: Schmidt, 1933;Google Scholar reprint, in English, The Masters and the Slaves [New York: Knopf, 1946]);Google ScholarPubMedidem., Artigos de Jornal (Recife: Mozart, 1934);Google Scholaridem., Sobrados e Mucambos (Rio: José Olympio, 1936;Google Scholar English trans., The Mansions and the Shanties [New York, Knopf, 1963]);Google Scholaridem., Ingleses no Brasil (Rio: Olympio, 1948).Google Scholar

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7 O Carapuceiro. 1832, nos. 3, 14, 19, 26; 1833, nos. 41, 42, 48; and passim.

8 Ibid., 1832, nos. 1, 11, 30; 1833, no. 49; 1837, no. 38; and passim.

9 Jornal do Comércio (Rio, 1833);Google ScholarGamenha (Recife, 1833);Google ScholarO Novo Carioca (Rio, 1834);Google ScholarO Sete de Abril (Rio 1836);Google ScholarO Despertador (Rio, 1840);Google ScholarA Carranca (Recife, 1845);Google ScholarPubMedSentinella da Monarquia (Rio, 1845);Google ScholarMarmota Fluminense (Rio, 1852).Google Scholar

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11 O Carapuceiro, 1832, no. 10.Google Scholar

12 Ibid., 1838, no. 5.

13 On the weak response to anti-slavery ideas in the first half of the nineteenth century, see Costa, Emilia Viotti da, Da Senzala á Colonia, ed. (Sāo Paulo: Brasiliense, 1966), part III.Google Scholar

14 O Carapuceiro, 1837, nos. 66, 38; and passim.Google Scholar

15 Ibid., 1838, no. 1.

16 Ibid., 1839, no. 7.

17 Ibid., 1838, no. 61.

18 This study is based on the facsimile edition of 1983, which covers the first ten years of the Lntermittent publication of O Carapuceiro.

19 Burton, R. F., Explorations of the Highlands of Brazil: With a Full Account of the Gold and Diamond Mines, 2 vols. (London: Tinsley, 1869), I, 408–9.Google Scholar

20 O Carapuceiro, 1842, no. 20.Google Scholar

22 Ibid., 1837, nos. 2, 63; 1838, no. 59; and passim.

22 Ibid. 1837, no. 18.

23 Ibid., 1833, no. 79; 1838, no. 25; and passim.

24 Ibid., 1837, no. 41; and passim.

25 Ibid., 1842, no. 57.

26 Ibid., 1837, no. 56; 1838, no. 21; and passim.

27 Ibid., 1837, nos. 6, 9; and passim.

28 Ibid., 1832, no. 8.

29 Ibid., 1842, no. 5.

30 Ibid., 1839, no. 12; and passim.

31 Ibid., 1842, nos. 14, 16, 65.

32 Ibid., 1842, no. 34.

33 Ibid., 1842, no. 16.

34 Ibid., 1842, no. 14; and passim.

35 Ibid., 1840, no. 8.

36 Ibid., 1837, nos. 29, 30, 31.

37 Ibid., 1837, no. 52.

38 Ibid., 1837, no. 47.

39 Kindersley, Mrs., Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope and the East Indies (London, 1777);Google ScholarTollenare, L. F. de, Notas dominicaes tomadas durante uma viagem em Portugal e no Brasil em 1816, 1817 e 1818 (Bahia: Livraria Progresso, 1956);Google ScholarSaint-Hilaire, A. de, Voyages dans l'Intérieur du Brésil (Paris: Grimbent et Dorez, 1830);Google ScholarGraham, M.. Journal of a Voyage to Brazil and Residence there during the Years 1821, 1822, 1823 (London: Longman, 1824);Google ScholarBinzer, I. von, Os Meus Romanos-Alegrias e Tristezas de uma educadora alemā no Brasil (1st German, ed., 1887; Rio: Paz e Terra, 1991).Google Scholar

40 See Shevelow, K., Women and Print Culture (London: Routledge, 1989);Google ScholarDijk, S. Van, Traces de Femmes-Présence féminine dans le journalisme français du XVIIIe siècle (Amsterdam: APA-Holland University Press, 1988);Google ScholarTobin, B. F., “'The Tender Mother': The Social Construction of Motherhood and the Lady's Magazine,” Women's Studies, vol. 18 (1990), 205–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 Cranfield, G. A., The Press and Society (London: Longmans, 1978), 37. Launched in March 1711, the Spectator lasted a little less than two years in its first series, and a few months in the 1714 series.Google Scholar

42 Stephen, L., English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century (London: Duckworth, 1910), 70;Google ScholarPrice, L. M., The Reception of English Literature in Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1932), 51.Google Scholar

43 The influence of the Spectator during the Enlightenment has been widely acknowledged, and the importance of a general and comparative study of the followers of the English Spectator in Europe has been stressed since Tieghen, P. Van, “Histoire littéraire générale et comparée,” Révue de Synthese Historique, 48 (1929), 127.Google Scholar The German followers have been studied by Martens, W. in his excellent, Die Botschaft der Tugend (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1968);Google ScholarGilot, M. discusses the French followers in a chapter of his thesis, Les Journaux de Marivaux. Itinéraire moral et accomplissement esthétique (Université Lille III: Atelier Reproduction des theses, 1975).Google Scholar The only general study, comprehensive but rather descriptive, is by Rau, F., Zur Verbreitung und Nachahmung des Tailer und Spectator (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1980).Google Scholar

44 It is not known whether Lopes Gama had access to a complete edition (8 volumes and 635 issues) of the Spectator or only to one of the many anthologies.

45 O. Carapuceiro, 1837,Google Scholar no. 13. Moral essays from D'Arnaud's, M.Délassements de l'hom-me sensible (1783), and extracts from periodicals, such as Despertador, O Correio das Damas and Archivo Popular, are the most common borrowings acknowledged.Google Scholar

46 Hazard, P., La crise de la conscience europenne 1680–1715, 2 vols. (Paris: Boivain, 1935), 2, 125–32.Google Scholar

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48 Bourdieu, P., Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).Google Scholar

49 A Gamenha (Recife, 1833)Google Scholar, nos. 1, 4; “O Carapuceiro do Carapuceiro,” Diário do Pernambuco (1833), and so forth.Google Scholar

50 Bourdieu, , Language and Symbolic Power, 109–19.Google Scholar

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53 Almandoz, Oscar Fl Urquiza, La Cultura de Buenos Aires, atraves de su prensa periodica desde 1810 hasta 1820 (Buenos Aires: Editora Universitaria de Buenos Aires, 1972).Google Scholar On the Bishop's library, see also, Levene, R., El Fundador de la Biblioteca Pública de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Justicia e Instruccion Pública, 1938Google Scholar). A comparable Brazilian example is the exceptional library of the Canon Luis Vieira da Silva, one of the conspirators in the Inconfidência Mineira in the 1780s (see Frieiro, E., O Diabo no Livraria do CÔnego [Belo Horizonte, Itatiaia, 1957]).Google Scholar

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57 O Carapuceiro, 1840,Google Scholar n. 3; and passim. See, for example, Chronica Litteraria de S. Paulo-Retrospecto do anno de 1866 (Rio: J. J. Fontes, 12 1866), 27–28, 67–68;Google ScholarRomero, S., Novos estudos de literatura contemporânea (Rio de Janeiro: Alves, 1898);Google ScholarSchwarz, R., Ao Vencedor as Batatas (Sāo Paulo: Duas Cidades, 1977);Google Scholaridem., Que Horas Sāo? (Sāo Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1987);Google ScholarNunes, M. L., Becoming True to Ourselves-Cultural Decolonization and National Identity in the Literature of the Portuguese-Speaking World (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987);Google ScholarJanni, O., Revoluçāo e Cultura (Rio: Civilizaçāo Brasileira, 1983).Google Scholar

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54 On the ideal of intellectuals as cultural brokers, see Hannerz, , Cultural Complexity, ch. 7.Google Scholar

60 O Carapuceiro, 1839, no. 53; and passim.Google Scholar

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63 Quoted from Campos, J. by Veiga, G., História das Idéias, IV, 352.Google Scholar

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67 Ibid., 134.

68 Quoted in Veiga, G., História das Idélas da Faculdade de Direito do Recife, IV, 332.Google Scholar

69 Freyre, Gilberto, Ingleses no Brasil, 31, 68.Google Scholar

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71 The inventory is reprinted in Levene, R., El fundador de la Biblioteca Pública de Buenos Aires, 94.Google Scholar

72 Mazún, G., Orígenes del Costumbrismo, 102–3, 115Google Scholar. Verdevoye, P., Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Educar y Escribir Opinando (1839–1852);Google ScholarMontalvo, J., Páginas Escogidas (Buenos Aires: Estrada, 1941);Google ScholarEl Espectador (1886–1888; Paris: Gamier, 1927). It seems that Spanish-American “costumbrismo” could be a fertile area of research.Google Scholar

73 I would like to thank Joāo Adolfo Hansen for this valuable reference.

74 O Carapuceiro, 1839, no. 43.Google Scholar

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77 O Carapuceiro, 1834, nos. 37, 38; and passim.Google Scholar

78 Ibid., 1837, no. 15

79 Ibid., 1834, no. 38

80 Ibid., 1837, no. 2; The Spectator, no. 198. The English text had described the salamander as “a kind of heroine in chastity, that treads upon fire, and lives in the midst of flames without being hurt.”

81 O Carapuceiro, 1838, no. 49; The Spectator, no. 404.Google Scholar

82 O Carapuceiro, 1842, no. 54; The Spectator, no. 73.Google Scholar

83 O Carapuceiro, 1842, no. 64; 1837, no. 32; and passim.Google Scholar

84 Price, L., Inkle and Yarico Album (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1937).Google Scholar

85 The Spectator, no. 11; O Carapuceiro, 1837, no. 31.Google Scholar

86 Hulme, P., Colonial Encounters (London: Routledge, 1986), 228.Google Scholar

87 The same view about the unfortunate influence of Bentham upon Spanish-American youth can be found in the Colombian historian, Groot, J. M. (1800–78), who considers it “a miracle if the youth who has read him can escape from the whirlpool of the deceitful utilitarian principle”Google Scholar (quoted by Caro, Miguel A., Historiadores de America-D. Jose Manuel Groot [Bogotá: Prensa del Ministerio de Educacion Nacional, 1950]).Google Scholar

88 O Carapuceiro, 1842, nos. 24, 29.Google Scholar

89 See Todd, J., Sensibility: An Introduction (London:Methuen, 1986);Google ScholarShevelow, K., Women and Print Culture;Google ScholarRogers, K., The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966).Google Scholar

90 O Carapuceiro, 1842, no. 64.Google Scholar

91 The Spectator, no. 499; O Carapuceiro, 1837, no. 13.Google Scholar

92 The Spectator, no. 149; O Carapuceiro, 1837, no. 30.Google Scholar

93 The Spectator, no. 499; O Carapuceiro, 1837, no. 13.Google Scholar

94 The Spectator, no. 170.

95 Ibid., nos. 170, 171; O Carapuceiro, 1842, nos. 33, 34.Google Scholar

96 O Carapuceiro, 1834, no. 39.Google Scholar

97 Nisia Floresta Brasileira Augusta (pseud.), Direitos da Mulher (Recife: 1832; 2nd ed., Porto Alegra, 1833; 3rd ed., Rio de Janeiro, 1839).Google Scholar

98 Flory, T., Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 1808–1871, 123.Google Scholar

99 Gombrich, E. H., Art and Illusion (London: Phaidon, 1960), 29–55, 53 (without reference to Heidegger and Gadamer).Google Scholar