Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T06:35:54.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“We've toiled without end”: Publicity, Crisis, and the Suicide “Epidemic” in Greece

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2015

Elizabeth Davis*
Affiliation:
Anthropology, Princeton University

Abstract

This paper addresses the rising suicide rate in Greece since the economic crisis began in 2008. By 2011, Greek and international media were reporting the Greek suicide rate as the fastest rising in Europe; dozens of “spectacular” public suicides were taken as symptoms of an “epidemic.” In this paper, I explore different accounts of this “epidemic”: statistical studies and press reports on suicide since the crisis; notes written by people who committed or attempted suicide in public during the crisis; and narratives of suicidality from psychiatric patients before the crisis, in dialogue with local psychiatric epidemiologies. These accounts summon three axes of comparison around suicide in Greece: historical difference, defined by the economic crisis and the time before; locale, contrasting the public sphere of media coverage and consumption with a particular region distinguished by its “suicidogenic” features; and evidence, moving from the public discourse on suicide to clinical ethnographic research that I conducted in northeastern Greece a decade ago. I show that each way of accounting for suicide challenges the epistemologies and evidence at work in the others; the tensions and the interactions among them are signs of indeterminacy in suicide itself, taken as an object of inquiry. In the public discourse on the Greek crisis, the many meanings of suicide have been condensed and fixed as a politics of protest. Yet, I argue, comparison among epistemologies of suicide and recognition of its indeterminacy generate a space for thinking about suicide beyond the publicity of the crisis.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Campbell, John K. 1964. Honour, Family, and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Chua, Jocelyn Lim. 2014. In Pursuit of the Good Life: Aspiration and Suicide in Globalizing South India. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Crapanzano, Vincent. 1992. Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet's Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dalakoglou, Dimitris and Vradis, Antonis. 2011. Introduction. In Vradis, Antonis and Dalakoglou, Dimitris, eds., Revolt and Crisis in Greece: Between a Present Yet to Pass and a Future Still to Come. Oakland: AK Press and Occupied London, 1325.Google Scholar
Davis, Elizabeth Anne. 2010. The Antisocial Profile: Deception and Intimacy in Greek Psychiatry. Cultural Anthropology 25, 1: 130–64.Google Scholar
Davis, Elizabeth Anne. 2012. Bad Souls: Madness and Responsibility in Modern Greece. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Dubisch, Jill. 1995. In a Different Place: Pilgrimage, Gender, and Politics at a Greek Island Shrine. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
du Boulay, Juliet. 1982. The Greek Vampire: A Study of Cyclic Symbolism in Marriage and Death. Man (New Series) 17, 2: 219–38.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Émile. 1951 [1897]. Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Simpson, George, ed., Spaulding, John A. and Simpson, George, trans. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Economist . 2013. Greece and Suicide: A Hard Subject for a Sermon. Economist.com, 21 Oct., http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2013/10/greece-and-suicide (accessed 28 Oct. 2013).Google Scholar
Economou, Marina et al. 2011. Increased Suicidality amid Economic Crisis in Greece. TheLancet.com, 22 Oct. (378): 1459, http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(11)61638-3.pdf (accessed 28 Oct. 2013).Google Scholar
Economou, Marina et al. 2012. Suicidality and the Economic Crisis in Greece. TheLancet.com, 28 July (380): 337, http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673612612446.pdf (accessed 28 Oct. 2013).Google Scholar
Economou, Marina et al. 2013. Suicidal Ideation and Reported Suicide Attempts in Greece during the Economic Crisis. World Psychiatry 12: 5359.Google Scholar
Fassin, Didier. 2011. The Trace: Violence, Truth, and the Politics of the Body. Social Research 78, 2: 281–98.Google Scholar
Featherstone, Kevin. 2010. The Greek Sovereign Debt Crisis and EMU: A Failing State in a Skewed Regime. Journal of Common Market Studies 49, 2: 193217.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1997. Security, Territory, and Population. In Rabinow, Paul, ed., The Essential Works of Foucault (1954–1984), Volume I: Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth. New York: The New Press, 6772.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2003 [1975–1976]. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–76. Macey, David, trans. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Fountoulakis, Konstaninos et al. 2012. Health and the Financial Crisis in Greece. TheLancet.com, 17 Mar. (379): 1001–2, http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)60422-X.pdf (accessed 29 Oct. 2013).Google Scholar
Fountoulakis, Konstaninos et al. 2013. Health Effects of Greece's Austerity Measures are “worse than imagined,” Report Researchers; Reliable Data Suggesting a Possible Increase in Suicides in Greece. British Medical Journal, 12 July: 346, http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2740/rr/652500#alternate (accessed 7 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Fountoulakis, Konstaninos, Gonda, X., and Rihmer, Z.. 2011. Suicide Prevention Programs through Community Intervention. Journal of Affective Disorders 130, 1–2: 1016.Google Scholar
Galani, Anastasia. 2013. Η ΕΛΣΤΑΤ «μείωσε» τον αριθμό των αυτόχειρων στην Ελλάδα [ELSTAT “reduced” the number of suicides in Greece]. Newpost.gr, 28 June, http://newpost.gr/post/228639/h-elstat-meiwse-ton-arithmo-twn-aytoxeirwn-sthn-ellada-me-eggrafo-sth-boylh (accessed 10 Dec. 2013).Google Scholar
Garcia, Angela. 2010. The Pastoral Clinic: Addiction and Dispossession along the Rio Grande. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatopoulos, Derek. 2013. Financial Crisis Drives up Greek Suicide Rate. Yahoo.com (Associated Press), 10 Sept., http://news.yahoo.com/financial-crisis-drives-greek-suicide-rate-154152679–finance.html (accessed 28 Oct. 2013).Google Scholar
Ghosh, Palash. 2012. Greece: Economic Crisis Sparks Surge in Suicides. IBTimes.com, 16 May, http://www.ibtimes.com/greece-economic-crisis-sparks-surge-suicides-698703 (accessed 30 Oct. 2013).Google Scholar
Giotakos, Orestis, Tsouvelas, G. et al. 2012. Αυτοκτονίες και υπηρεσίες παροχής ψυχικής υγείας στην Ελλάδα [Suicide rates and mental health services in Greece]. Psychiatriki 23, 1: 2938.Google Scholar
Goeschel, Christian. 2009. Suicide in Nazi Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Good, Byron J. 1994. Medicine, Rationality, and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1990. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hadjimatheou, Chloe. 2011. Confronting Suicide as Greek Social Problems Mount. Bbc.co.uk, 17 Oct., http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15334586 (accessed 11 Feb. 2012).Google Scholar
Heidi@homeingreece. 2012. Educators Choose Suicide. Homeingreece.wordpress.com, 26 Apr., http://homeingreece.wordpress.com/tag/thrace/ (accessed 30 Oct. 2013).Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. 1987. Anthropology through the Looking Glass: Critical Ethnography in the Margins of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. 1997. Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation-State. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. 2011. Crisis Attack: Impromptu Ethnography in the Greek Maelstrom. Anthropology Today 27, 5: 2226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
I Kathimerini . 2013. ELSTAT Says 1,245 Greeks Killed Themselves in 2009–11 Period. Ekathimerini.com, 28 June, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_28/06/2013_506469 (accessed 7 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Inews . 2011. Αυτοκτόνισε ο Μιχάλης Κριάδης επικεφαλής της διαφημιστικής Vitamin [Michalis Kriadis, head of advertising firm “Vitamin,” commits suicide]. Iefimerida.gr, 21 Sept., http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/19618/αυτοκτόνησε-ο-μιχάλης-κριάδης-επικεφαλής-της-διαφημιστικής-εταιρείας-vitamin (accessed 1 Dec. 2013).Google Scholar
Kalantzis, Konstantinos. 2012. Crete as Warriorhood: Visual Explorations of Social Imaginaries in “Crisis.” Anthropology Today 28, 3: 711.Google Scholar
Karanikas, Aris. 2012. «Οι αυτοκτονίες του ΔΝΤ» έγιναν επιδημία (“IMF suicides” become epidemic). TaNea.gr, 31 May, http://www.tanea.gr/news/greece/article/4726153/?iid=2 (accessed 30 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Katohika . 2013. Νεο «Εγκλημα» της ΕΛΣΤΑΤ. Απέκρυψε τις μισές αυτοκτονίες και «θάβει» την απόγνωση των Ελλήνων—Δείτε τα στοιχεία [ELSTAT's new “crime”: it concealed half the suicides and “buries” the despair of Greeks—see the evidence]. Katohika.gr, 23 May, http://www.katohika.gr/2013/05/elstat-apekripse-tis-mises-autoktonies.html (accessed 10 Dec, 2013; no longer on-line).Google Scholar
Katsimardos, T. 2013. Ανεργία και φτοχεία «θερίζουν» νέους και ηλικιωμένους–Επιδημία αυτοκτονιών στην Ελλάδα της κρίσις του '30. [Unemployment and poverty “reap” young and old: suicide epidemic in Greece during the crisis of the 1930s]. Ethnos.gr, 28 July, http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22768&subid=2&pubid=63864756 (accessed 26 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Kermeliotis, Teo. 2012. Austerity Drives up Suicide Rate in Debt-Ridden Greece. CNN.com, 6 Apr., http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/06/world/europe/greece-austerity-suicide/ (accessed 6 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Kirschbaum, Erik. 2012. Suicides Have Greeks on Edge before Elections. Reuters.com, 28 Apr., 207–13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/28/us-greece-election-suicide-idUSBRE83R08N20120428 (accessed 10 Dec. 2013).Google Scholar
Knight, Daniel M. 2012. Cultural Proximity: Crisis, Time and Social Memory in Central Greece. History and Anthropology 23, 3: 349–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, Daniel M. 2013a. The Greek Economic Crisis as Trope. Focaal—Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology 65 (2013): 147–59.Google Scholar
Knight, Daniel M. 2013b. Famine, Suicide and Photovoltaics: Narratives from the Greek Crisis. GreeSE Paper No. 67: Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe. London: London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Livingston, Julie. 2009. Suicide, Risk, and Investment in the Heart of the African Miracle. Cultural Anthropology 24, 4: 652–80.Google Scholar
Lynteris, Christos. 2011. The Greek Economic Crisis as Evental Substitution. In Vradis, Antonis and Dalakoglou, Dimitris, eds., Revolt and Crisis in Greece: Between a Present Yet to Pass and a Future Still to Come. Oakland: AK Press and Occupied London, 207–13.Google Scholar
Madata . 2012a. Δεν αυτοκτονώ, με σκοτώνουν. Δημήτρης Χριστούλας [I'm not killing myself, they're killing me: Dimitris Christoulas]. Madata.gr, 5 Apr., http://www.madata.gr/epikairotita/social/185190.html (accessed 8 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Madata . 2012b. Σάββας Μετοικίδις. Έβαλε τέλος στην ζωή του σε ένδειξη πολιτικής διαμαρτυρίας [Savvas Metoikidis: he put an end to his life as a sign of political protest]. Madata.gr, 22 Apr., http://www.madata.gr/epikairotita/social/189176.html (accessed 26 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Malaby, Thomas M. 2003. Gambling Life: Dealing in Contingency in a Greek City. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Maltezou, Renee. 2012. Despairing Greek Leftist Makes Final Stand. Ekathimerini.com, 5 Apr., http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_05/04/2012_436750 (accessed 8 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Marsh, Ian. 2013. The Uses of History in the Unmaking of Modern Suicide. Journal of Social History 46, 3: 744–56.Google Scholar
Panourgiá, Neni. 2010. Stones (Papers, Humans). Journal of Modern Greek Studies 28, 2: 199223.Google Scholar
Perris, Antonis. 2012. Μη μείνει απ´αυτούς κανείς [Not one of them left]. Stixoi.info, May 23, http://www.stixoi.info/stixoi.php?info=Poems&act=details&poem_id=179710 (accessed 4 Dec. 2013).Google Scholar
Pipyrou, Stavroula. 2014. Narrating Death: Affective Reworking of Suicide in Rural Greece. Social Anthropology 22, 2: 189–99.Google Scholar
Placas, Aimee. 2008. The Emergence of Consumer Credit in Greece: An Ethnography of Indebtedness. PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, Rice University.Google Scholar
Porter, Theodore M. 1995. Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rantou, Effrosyni. n.d. “The Crisis Multiple.” Term paper, Department of Anthropology, New School for Social Research (spring 2012).Google Scholar
Roitman, Janet. 2014. Anti-Crisis. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
RT . 2012. Greek Suicide Epidemic Continues: Debt-Strapped Pensioner Hangs Himself. RT.com, 30 May, http://rt.com/news/greece-pensioner-suicide-crisis-619/ (accessed 30 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Sainz, Jorge and Clendenning, Alan. 2013. Spanish Police: 2 Commit Suicide over Eviction. Themonitor.com, http://www.themonitor.com/news/world/spanish-police-commit-suicide-over-eviction/article_4a7f6240-7567-11e2-999a-0019bb30f31a.html (accessed 29 May 2015; this story was originally on BigstoryAP.com, 12 Feb., but is no longer there).Google Scholar
Sakellaropoulos, Panayiotis, ed. 1995. Στοιχεία Κοινωνικής Ψυχιατρικής και Εαρμογές της στην Ελλάδα [Elements of social psychiatry and its implementation in Greece]. Athens: Papazisi.Google Scholar
Staples, James and Widger, Tom. 2012. Situating Suicide as an Anthropological Problem: Ethnographic Approaches to Understanding Self-Harm and Self-Inflicted Death. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 36, 2: 183203.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Lisa. 2009. The Suicidal Wound and Fieldwork among Canadian Inuit. In Borneman, John and Hammoudi, Abdellah, eds., Being There: The Fieldwork Encounter and the Making of Truth. Berkeley: University of California Press, 5576.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Lisa. 2012. The Psychic Life of Biopolitics: Survival, Cooperation, and Inuit Community. American Ethnologist 39, 3: 592613.Google Scholar
Theodossopoulos, Dimitrios. 2013. Infuriated with the Infuriated? Blaming Tactics and Discontent about the Greek Financial Crisis. Current Anthropology 54, 2: 200–21.Google Scholar
Timmermans, Stefan. 2006. Postmortem: How Medical Examiners Explain Suspicious Deaths. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Toulson, Ruth E. 2012. Ritual Vicissitudes: The Uncertainties of Singaporean Suicide Rites. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 36, 2: 372–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TradingEconomics. 2013. Greece Unemployment Rate, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/greece/unemployment-rate; Spain Unemployment Rate, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/unemployment-rate; Euro-area Unemployment Rate, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/euro-area/unemployment-rate (accessed 31 May 2015).Google Scholar
Tsolakidou, Stella. 2012. Greek Suicides Become Daily Phenomenon Amidst Ongoing Crisis. Greekreporter.com, 26 Apr., http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/04/26/greek-suicides-become-daily-phenomenon-amidst-ongoing-crisis/ (accessed 6 Nov. 2013).Google Scholar
Varoufakis, Yanis. 2014. Being Greek and an Economist While Greece is Burning! An Intimate Account of a Peculiar Tragedy. Keynote Address at the MGSA Biennial Symposium, Bloomington, Ind., 15 Nov. 2013. Journal of Modern Greek Studies 32, 1: 124.Google Scholar
von Hentig, Hans. 1927. Der Selbstmord in Sowjet-Rußland 1922–1925 [Suicide in Soviet Russia, 1922–1925]. Archiv für Kriminologie (80).Google Scholar
Weaver, John and Munro, Doug. 2013. Austerity, Neo-Liberal Economics, and Youth Suicide: The Case of New Zealand, 1980–2000. Journal of Social History 46, 3: 757–83.Google Scholar