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Developmental programming of shyness: A longitudinal, prospective study across four decades

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2019

Kristie L. Poole ,
Saroj Saigal ,
Ryan J. Van Lieshout  and
Louis A. Schmidt
Kristie L. Poole*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Saroj Saigal
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Ryan J. Van Lieshout
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Louis A. Schmidt
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Kristie L. Poole, McMaster University, Room 130, Psychology Building, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; E-mail: poolekl@mcmaster.ca.
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Abstract

Although shyness is a ubiquitous phenomenon with early developmental origins, little research has examined the influence of prenatal exposures on the developmental trajectory of shyness. Here, we examined trajectories of shyness from childhood to adulthood in three groups (N = 254), with varying degrees of prenatal adversity as indicated by the number of stressful exposures: extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) survivors prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+S, n = 56); ELBW survivors not prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+NS, n = 56); and normal birth weight (NBW, n = 142) controls. Multilevel modeling revealed that the ELBW+S individuals exhibited the highest levels of childhood shyness, which remained stable into adulthood. The ELBW+NS and NBW controls had comparably low levels of childhood shyness; however, the ELBW+NS individuals experienced patterns of increasing shyness, while NBW controls displayed decreases in shyness into adulthood. We speculate that individuals exposed to multiple prenatal stressors (i.e., ELBW+S) may be developmentally programmed to be more sensitive to detecting social threat, with one manifestation being early developing, stable shyness, while increasing shyness among ELBW+NS individuals may reflect a later developing shyness influenced by postnatal context. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the developmental origins and developmental course of human shyness from childhood through adulthood.

Keywords

longitudinal studiespersonalityprematurityprenatal programmingshyness
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , May 2020 , pp. 455 - 464
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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