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Maternal depression in the intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment and its sequelae: Testing postpartum effects in a longitudinal birth cohort

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2018

Karmel W. Choi ,
Renate Houts ,
Louise Arseneault ,
Carmine Pariante ,
Kathleen J. Sikkema  and
Terrie E. Moffitt
Karmel W. Choi*
Affiliation:
Duke University Massachusetts General Hospital
Renate Houts
Affiliation:
Duke University
Louise Arseneault
Affiliation:
King's College London
Carmine Pariante
Affiliation:
King's College London
Kathleen J. Sikkema
Affiliation:
Duke University University of Cape Town
Terrie E. Moffitt
Affiliation:
Duke University King's College London
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Karmel Choi, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; E-mail: kwchoi@mgh.harvard.edu.
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Abstract

Mothers who have experienced childhood maltreatment are more likely to have children also exposed to maltreatment, a phenomenon known as intergenerational transmission. Factors in the perinatal period may contribute uniquely to this transmission, but timing effects have not been ascertained. Using structural equation modeling with 1,016 mothers and their 2,032 children in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, we tested the mediating role of postpartum depression between maternal childhood maltreatment and a cascade of negative child outcomes, specifically child exposure to maltreatment, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing symptoms: (a) adjusting for later maternal depression, (b) comparing across sex differences, and (c) examining the relative role of maltreatment subtypes. Mothers who had been maltreated as children, especially those who had experienced emotional or sexual abuse, were at increased risk for postpartum depression. In turn, postpartum depression predicted children’s exposure to maltreatment, followed by emotional and behavioral problems. Indirect effects from maternal childhood maltreatment to child outcomes were robust across child sex and supported significant mediation through postpartum depression; however, this appeared to be carried by mothers’ depression beyond the postpartum period. Identifying and treating postpartum depression, and preventing its recurrence, may help interrupt the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and its sequelae.

Type
Special Section Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 31 , Special Issue 1: The effect of maltreatment experiences on maltreating and dysfunctional parenting: A search for mechanisms , February 2019 , pp. 143 - 156
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

The E-Risk Study is funded by the Medical Research Council (UK MRC grants G9806489 and 61002190) and the NICHD (HD077482). We are grateful to study mothers, twins, and twins' teachers for their participation. Additional thanks to Avshalom Caspi, Michael Rutter, and Robert Plomin, to Thomas Achenbach for kind permission to adapt the Child Behavior Checklist, and to the E-Risk team for their dedication, hard work, and insights. K.W.C. was supported by a Doris Duke Fellowship for the Promotion of Child Well-Being from Chapin Hall and a Global Health Doctoral Scholar Dissertation Grant from Duke University.

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